We’ve all heard of messenger pigeons, or more technically, homing pigeons—birds that can carry messages to specific destinations across exceptionally long distances. Using the magnetic fields of the Earth as navigation, these birds can find their way back home from distances up to 1,800 kilometers (1,100 mi).

Because of this unique skill, homing pigeons were used for many years as a means of communication among humans. This list looks at homing pigeons during World War I and World War II and how they played an integral role in saving hundreds of lives. If you know of any other famous pigeons from any time period, please be sure to mention in the comments!

10 Cher Ami

Our list begins with Cher Ami, a heralded messenger pigeon that single-handedly saved a battalion of 200 men from certain death. On October 2, 1918, in the thick of World War I, Major Charles Whittlesey and his division were valiantly fighting through German defenses in what would be called the Meuse-Argonne Offensive of October 1918.

However, they were the only US forces that managed to cross German lines. By the next morning, they were under heavy enemy artillery fire and were being decimated by mortar, machine gun, and sniper fire. Headquarters was unable to provide any assistance, so they took the only action they could—an artillery barrage of their own.

The US soldiers were horrified as friendly missiles unexpectedly began to crash all around them. Whittlesey quickly wrote a plea for cease-fire and strapped it to his last carrier pigeon, Cher Ami. As soon as he took off, though, the Germans directed fire on him and shot him out of the air.

Still, Cher Ami managed to traverse the 40 kilometers (25 mi) to headquarters and deliver his lifesaving message. There, it was discovered that the bird had lost a leg and an eye and had been shot through the breast. For his heroics, Cher Ami received the Croix de Guerre from the French army and was enshrined in the Smithsonian.

9 G.I. Joe

On October 18, 1943, during the peak of World War II, Calvi Vecchia, a small, German-occupied town in Italy, was about to be bombed by the British 56th Infantry Brigade. However, the Germans unexpectedly withdrew from the town. With this unexpected turn of events, the citizens scrambled to deliver the good news to the British through radio communications.

Unfortunately, these attempts failed to get word through. An imminent bombing was looming, and the lives of hundreds of people were at stake. As a last resort, the messenger pigeon G.I. Joe was sent to deliver the message.

Making a 32-kilometer (20 mi) trip in 20 minutes, G.I. Joe safely informed US Air Command and impressively managed to stop what would have been a tragic and unnecessary bombing. It is estimated that G.I. Joe saved up to 1,000 people, including inhabitants of Calvi Vecchia and British troops. G.I. Joe received the Dickin Medal for his exemplary service.

8 Mary Of Exeter

Mary of Exeter was a carrier pigeon that became famous for her longevity, surviving a variety of attacks and carrying out many military missions during World War II. She joined the National Pigeon Service in 1940 and was used to deliver secret messages between England and France.

Once, she was wounded in the neck and breast by German hawks. She received 22 stitches when she returned and was back in action within a mere two months. On another mission, she had part of her wing shot away and three pellets embedded in her body. On her last mission, Mary was hit by shrapnel in the neck and needed a leather collar to properly function again.

At the end of the war, Mary was awarded the Dickin Medal for her incredible endurance in war service, and in 2003, the mayor of Exeter unveiled a plaque in Mary’s honor at the Northernhay Gardens in England.

7 Mocker

The next flying hero is certainly famous for his long career. The messenger pigeon Mocker flew 52 missions during World War I before he was finally wounded. On his last mission, his left eye and part of his cranium were destroyed by a shell splinter. Even with his extensive injuries, Mocker still managed to deliver an extremely important message that detailed the location of enemy artillery.

Due to Mocker’s valor, the Americans were able to destroy the enemy battery within 20 minutes. Consequently, Mocker’s efforts enabled US troops to capture the town of Beaumont, France. After his death on June 15, 1935, his body was put on display in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.

6 Paddy

Born and raised in Carnlough, North Ireland, Paddy was a messenger pigeon who played a crucial role in the D-day operations in June 1944. He was trained alongside thousands of other racing birds with the RAF Hurn in Hampshire.

Noticed for his outstanding flying skills, Paddy was directed to the US First Army for special missions during the D-day landings. Paddy persevered through poor weather conditions and fought against German falcons to deliver vital information about the Allies’ progress in the invasion. He was one of the fastest messenger pigeons in the operation with an average speed of 90 kilometers per hour (56 mph).

For his service, Paddy was also awarded the esteemed Dickin Medal.

5 Commando

Another recipient of the Dickin Medal, the war pigeon Commando contributed small but extremely valuable victories against the Nazis in Germany. Throughout Commando’s 90 missions during World War II, he delivered crucial intelligence for the Allied forces.

During the climax of World War II, Commando was noted for three particular missions in June, August, and September 1942. On each of these occasions, he carried intelligence to the Special Operations Executive, the British intelligence agency, from German-occupied France. With this information, the Allied forces were better equipped to fight and defend themselves against their German enemies.

4 President Wilson

President Wilson was another pigeon that valiantly served with the US Army during World War I. He was with the Tank Corps during his first deployment and was stationed in the forwardmost tanks to deliver the location of enemy machine gun nests.

He was then transferred to the infantry unit and participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive of 1918. Released to request artillery support, Wilson flew through waves of German bullets to deliver his message. In the process, he lost his left leg and was shot through the breast.

However, he survived his wounds and lived a quiet life until he died in 1929. A taxidermist then prepared the bird for display at the Smithsonian Institution.

3 Winkie

On February 23, 1942, during World War II, a damaged RAF bomber landed in the North Sea while returning from a mission in Norway. Although there were rescue planes searching the area, they were unable to find the four men in the freezing waters. Facing a cold and miserable death, the men sent a carrier pigeon, Winkie, as their last hope for survival.

After escaping the oily water surrounding the plane, Winkie managed to fly over 200 kilometers (120 mi) of water to reach his loft in Broughty Ferry, where his owner George Ross informed the RAF Leuchars of the predicament. Although Winkie was not carrying a message, the RAF was able to deduce the damaged bomber’s location from the time of Winkie’s arrival.

As a result of Winkie’s valiant efforts, the four men in the bomber were rescued. Rightfully so, Winkie was the first of many animals to receive the Dickin Medal, an honor equivalent to the Victoria Cross.

2 White Vision

A female war pigeon bred in Scotland, White Vision served in World War II and was a recipient of the Dickin Medal for her bravery. On October 11, 1943, the crew members of one of the Catalina flying boats, used by the RAF Coastal Command to patrol sea routes for U-boats, were stranded in dire weather conditions in the North Sea.

All radio communications ceased to work, and when the plane crashed into the sea, White Vision was sent to deliver their location. Flying 100 kilometers (60 mi) against extremely strong winds, she was able to return to her loft and deliver the message.

Due to her efforts, the search for the crew members resumed and the flying boat was found. After spending 18 hours at sea, all 11 members of the crew were rescued successfully.

1 William Of Orange

Part of the British military service MI14, William of Orange was a war pigeon whose messages saved over 2,000 lives in World War II. During the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944, Allied units had a communication crisis as German troops surrounded airborne forces and radio sets malfunctioned.

British soldiers released William as a last resort. He flew over 400 kilometers (250 mi) back to the United Kingdom and carried one of the few messages that made its way back to headquarters, alleviating the Allies’ communication crisis.

After his war days, William was bought out of service by Sir William Smith of Cheshire and reportedly became “the grandfather of many outstanding pigeons.”

I am currently a college student planning on majoring in public health with a minor in American studies. I’ve always had an an avid interest in history, particularly war history. Some of my other hobbies include reading, drawing, and practicing guitar and piano.

When people think of wartime nurses, names like Florence Nightingale spring to mind. But countless lesser-known nurses also made valuable contributions. Unfortunately, history’s memory bank is a lot like a financial bank: when making a large withdrawal, requesting large units of currency often makes the most sense. If asking a teller for $1,000, we would rather request ten $100 bills than 100,000 pennies.

Similarly, when learning about an enormous conflict, we prefer not to study every individual involved in it. Rather, we focus on bigger figures like Florence Nightingale, the $100 bills of history. But sometimes, the pennies of history are actually priceless gems. The following lesser-known nurses saved lives while showing otherworldly courage and toughness.

10 Augusta Chiwy

On Christmas Eve 1944, volunteer nurse Augusta Chiwy nearly became a human Yule log. A bomb decimated her aid station in Bastogne, Belgium, killing 30 people. Remarking on her brush with oblivion, Chiwy reportedly quipped, “A black face in all that white snow was a pretty easy target. Those Germans must be terrible marksmen.”

Chiwy was just that tough. Born to an African mother and Belgian father, she was visiting her father for the holidays when the Battle of the Bulge began. Chiwy was a trained nurse and offered her services to an American physician whose assistants had been killed.^[1] Of her own volition, Chiwy withstood a blizzard of bombs and subfreezing cold. She was undernourished, overworked, and sometimes the subject of racism from the soldiers she treated.

Chiwy helped hundreds of American soldiers, even bathing them with boiled snow. But for roughly 70 years, she went unacknowledged. In 2011, the king of Belgium awarded Chiwy the Order of the Crown, and the US government honored her with the Civilian Award for Humanitarian Service.

9 Elsie Knocker And Mairi Chisholm

People called them “the mad Englishwomen,” but one of them was Scottish, and both were just insanely brave. Elizabeth “Elsie” Knocker and Mairi Chisholm (the Scot) traveled to Belgium at the outset of World War I to work as ambulance drivers. The women shared a love of motorcycles and soon shared an idea that made them legends.

While transporting troops, Knocker noticed a serious problem. Because of the distance she had to travel, soldiers often died of shock before reaching the hospital. She proposed treating wounded soldiers near the front lines but was roundly rejected. Women weren’t allowed within 5 kilometers (3 mi) of all that bloodshed. Ignoring orders, she and Chisholm established a makeshift medical facility 4.6 meters (15 ft) from a trench.^[2]

Working from the cellar of a dilapidated house, the duo dispensed aid to an estimated 23,000 casualties over four years. They also attracted attention from prominent people like Marie Curie (who discovered radium) and the king of Belgium. Their efforts earned them medals in 1915 from the king himself. The women soldiered on until 1918, when a gas attack incapacitated them.

8 Vivian Bullwinkel

During World War II, Vivian Bullwinkel (who later went by her married name Vivian Statham) wanted to join the Australian Air Force, but her flat feet disqualified her. Undeterred from serving, she became an Australian Army Nurse in 1941. The following year, she served in Singapore but was forced to flee alongside 64 other nurses. Unfortunately, Japanese torpedoes intercepted their ship.

Only 22 nurses made it off the ship alive. Bullwinkel latched onto a lifeboat and floated for hours until she and the remaining nurses reached the island of Bangka. One day later, Japanese forces rounded up all the women, marched them to the sea, and shot them. Only Bullwinkel survived.^[3] A bullet pierced her abdomen but missed all her vital organs. Bullwinkel feigned death until the coast was clear and then spent 12 days treating injured British soldiers on the island.

Soon, they surrendered to the Japanese. To avoid being shot again, Bullwinkel hid her nurse’s uniform. She lived as a POW for three years, secretly documenting the torture she endured on Bible pages. Her weight dropped to a skeletal 25 kilograms (56 lb), but all the while, she continued caring for the sick and wounded. After the war, Bullwinkel became Australia’s most decorated nurse.

7 Regina Aune

During the last month of the Vietnam War, President Gerald Ford launched Operation Babylift, a program that transported South Vietnamese orphans to the Philippines and the United States. The first flight literally crashed and burned. An explosion caused the plane to slide across a rice paddy, go airborne for 0.8 kilometers (0.5 mi), and then slam into an irrigation ditch, where it split into four sections.

Aboard the aircraft were 250 orphans, dozens of crew members, and Nurse Regina Aune. The crash sent Aune flying across the plane’s upper deck. The accident fractured one of her feet, one of her legs, and one of her vertebrae.^[4] But it didn’t break her will to save lives. Aune carried 80 children to safety. Once she exhausted all of her strength, she asked to be relieved from her duties and then lost consciousness.

Because of her heroism, Aune became to first woman to receive the Cheney Award for valor by an airman.

6 Eleanor Thompson And Meta Hodge

Generally speaking, hospitals are where people are cured, not killed. But war sometimes blurs that distinction. In World War I, hospitals turned into targets thanks to the advent of air raids. In 1918, the Germans attacked a series of medical facilities in France. Among them was Canadian Stationary Hospital Number 3, located in Doullens. A bomb hit in the middle of an operation, instantly killing three people.

The blast also buried nurses Eleanor Thompson and Meta Hodge under rubble. Rather than running for their lives once they resurfaced, the die-hard duo started putting out fires and turning over coal heaters to prevent patients’ beds from bursting into flames. They then oversaw the evacuation of the patients, ignoring their own injuries until everyone else was safe.^[5] They were among the first Canadian women ever to be awarded for valor.

5 The Angels Of Bataan And Corregidor

Before the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, many American nurses traveled to the Philippines in search of sunshine and adventure. But in December 1941, the sky was darkened by incoming fighter pilots. After wreaking havoc in Hawaii, the Japanese took aim at Manila.

The nurses sought refuge in the muggy jungles of Bataan, where they looked after 6,000 patients and battled malaria, diminishing food supplies, and constant bombing by the Japanese. As conditions worsened, American forces escaped to the island of Corregidor. There, nurses operated in an underground hospital.^[6] Eventually, the GIs reached their breaking point, and the nurses reached a crossroads.

The nurses could either retreat or remain with the POWs. Many chose to stay, forsaking freedom for the sake of helping sick and wounded troops. When the Japanese restricted the prisoners’ daily nourishment to 700 calories, the nurses supposedly fed the men roots, flowers, and even weeds cooked in cream. After more than two years of brutal captivity, they were freed. The nurses were hailed not only as heroes but as angels.

4 Mary Fleming And Aileen Turner

Mary Fleming and Aileen Turner were Irish nurses assigned to the tuberculosis ward at Grove Park Hospital in London. Unfortunately, patients weren’t the sickest thing they saw. In 1940, Germany rained bombs on London, striking the hospital in the process. Seventeen TB patients were trapped until Fleming and Turner guided them to safety.

Even reaching the patients required a heroic effort. Tuner and Fleming had to climb through a window and crawl along a floor on the verge of collapsing. Then they had to shepherd a procession of sick people past burst pipes that spewed burning steam.^[7] They succeeded just in the nick of time. Moments after the evacuation, the floor of the TB ward gave way. Afterward, they were awarded the George Medal.

3 Ellen Savage

Singing with a fractured jaw sounds extremely difficult. Sister Ellen Savage managed to sing with a broken jaw, broken ribs, and broken people who needed her help. An Australian Army nurse during World War II, Savage sustained severe injuries when the Japanese destroyed her hospital ship, the Centaur.^[8] But as the only surviving nurse, she took it upon herself to help the other survivors.

Savage hid her injuries and tended to other hurt passengers. When everyone’s mood sank like a ship, she tried to keep their spirits afloat by leading a sing-along. The group must have sung a long time. Trapped on a raft, they watched helplessly as ships and planes passed without noticing them. And while Savage had to deal with a broken jaw, all the survivors worried about the jaws of the sharks that circled them.

Savage steered the group through those discouraging moments without hinting at the agony she must have felt. She was later honored with the George Medal for her courageous conduct.

2 James Gennari

In 2012, helicopter flight nurse James Gennari was stationed in Afghanistan when he was as told a three-year-old who’d been shot was headed his way. But when the patient’s flight arrived, there was no child in sight. Instead, Gennari was greeted by a grown man with an explosive lodged in his left thigh.^[9]

A 20-year-old Marine had been shot with a 36-centimeter-long (14 in) rocket-propelled grenade intended for tanks. Luckily, the grenade did not detonate; unluckily, a wrong move could have easily changed that fact. Clearly, a scalpel wouldn’t cut it in this situation. However, there was a bomb expert on hand. Gennari was given the option to vacate the area, but he stayed and helped the expert dislodge the grenade.

The ordeal did not end there. Blood came rushing from the Marine’s leg, and Gennari had to stem the hemorrhaging while keeping his patient’s airways open. He then had to help the Marine breathe manually because the ventilator malfunctioned. Gennari’s noble efforts earned him a Bronze Star.

1 Beatrice MacDonald

World War I nurses commonly faced finger infections, pathogens, and physical exhaustion from assisting patients nonstop. Those who worked near the front line also confronted enemy fire. Beatrice MacDonald witnessed that danger firsthand in 1917. While working at a casualty cleaning station, she became a casualty of an air raid. Shrapnel slashed one of her eyes, which had to be removed.^[10]

Despite losing an eye, MacDonald insisted on seeing the war through to the end. When ordered to return home, she replied, “I have just started doing my bit.” She continued aiding soldiers until the armistice. For the incredible bit of work she did, MacDonald earned the Distinguished Service Cross.