In January 1920, Prohibition came into effect, outlawing the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol in the United States. The US government fully expected that people would carry on as normal and find new ways to spend their time, but many unintended and unexpected consequences unfolded. Prohibition came to an end in December 1933, following increasing criticism from many platforms of US society.

In hindsight, it’s quite obvious that Prohibition didn’t work, and many scholars and commentators today have suggested that we learn its lessons and perhaps apply them to the much-debated drug laws of modern times.

10 Organized Crime Flourishes

It’s argued that not only did prohibition provide organized crime syndicates with a gap in the market in the 1920s, but it also increased their wealth and influence, which in turn allowed them to continue their ventures in other areas once the ban on alcohol was lifted. Prohibition essentially bankrolled organized crime’s expansion.

Those involved in organized crime were viewed as heroes by many, with some well-known gangsters having an almost celebrity status in their communities. Their frequently bloody crimes were overlooked, as they were providing hardworking people with what they wanted. Some previously law-abiding citizens even began to turn to crime syndicates for work, particularly those whose jobs in industries tied to alcohol production had become redundant. This trend only increased as the Great Depression took hold in the 1930s.

Many illegal bars and saloons were in the hands of criminal syndicates, and almost all were supplied by them. Criminal gangs would often fight among themselves over the “rights” to supply these drinking houses as well as to operate exclusively in certain areas. The results of these clashes were often bloody and resulted in a dramatic increase gang-related murders.

9 Prohibition Criminalized Everyday People

The apparent assumption that the vast majority of people would simply abstain from alcohol once Prohibition was enacted couldn’t have been more wide of the mark. It should be noted that consuming alcohol during prohibition was not illegal, nor was possession of it. The manufacturing, transportation, and sale of alcohol were. This lack of clarity led to several loopholes and gray areas, and they were exploited, unwittingly or not.

There was particular ambiguity regarding making wine at home for one’s own pleasure and enjoyment, for example. The equipment used to do so was widely and openly for sale in stores across the US, and information on how to make homemade wine was available in most public libraries. Technically, however, making wine in your own home was illegal during prohibition.

Pharmacists and religious organizations were also exempt from Prohibition due to alcohol being used as medicine and in ceremonies, respectively. Many pharmacies suddenly sprung up, often no more than a front for their real intentions, while many churches experienced a surge in membership.

Alcohol that had been purchased prior to the start of Prohibition was technically legal and allowed to be stored and consumed in a person’s home. However, carrying that alcohol from one place to another was illegal, and should a person not be able to prove the alcohol was purchased prior to prohibition, they were at risk of arrest.

8 The Rise Of Cocaine And Heroin

Cocaine was taken by people in the United States long before Prohibition came into effect, but it experienced a spike in popularity in the 1920s, particularly among the jazz scene of the time. Whether or not this was due to Prohibition or pure coincidence is unclear.

The US government was at least aware of the possibility that people who would have previously consumed alcohol would now turn their attention to harder drugs and substances. An article that appeared in The Literary Digest in April 1921 stated that the Board of Health of every state was sent a questionnaire to try to establish if there had been a rise in “narcotic and habit-forming drugs” since Prohibition came into effect.

Much like Prohibition contributed to the rise of organized crime, it also assisted in opening the door to the spread of harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin—epidemics that would sweep the US in the coming decades. With their newfound wealth and influence, crime syndicates’ reach went much further, and so did their alliances. Add to this the need to replace their source of income once prohibition was repealed in 1933, and the first steps toward what would become the big business of narcotics trading had been taken.

7 Rise In Alcohol Consumption And Alcoholism

Opinion seems to be split on whether alcohol consumption increased or decreased during the Prohibition years. The main reason for this is that illegal sales of alcohol were not declared to the government, and consequently, no accurate data was kept. Many people were also making their own alcoholic drinks at home, which, again, were not officially declared.

Even the data that is available has to be studied with certain caveats. For example, in 1925, arrests for alcohol-related crimes were at an all-time high. While this did indicate that these kinds of crimes were rising since Prohibition first began in 1920, a lot of the offenses in question were legal before the change in the law. Generally speaking, however, it did appear that problems with alcohol were worse by the mid- to late 1920s than they were the previous decade.

It’s possible that alcoholics would have been hit hardest and suffered in silence for the most part. Alcoholics were less likely to seek help for their addiction during Prohibition largely due to the sale of alcohol being illegal and instead were more likely to turn to bootleggers in the same way that drug addicts will turn to their dealers. Whether Prohibition created more alcoholics, however, is very much up for debate. Data from the time does suggest that deaths from alcohol-related illness did rise throughout the 1920s, but overall, there were less than the previous decade.

6 Long-Lasting Corruption

Part of the reason that organized crime syndicates and bootleggers were so successful in supplying their goods was the fact that they had people in their pocket; they had bribed key people in positions of power and responsibility. Some of those ties made during the 1920s lasted for years after Prohibition ended. The manner in which those ties were achieved has been replicated for generations.

Criminal organizations could have hundreds, even thousands, of people on their books. Policemen, politicians, judges, and even federal agents all played a part in the alcohol black market. There would be advance warnings of planned raids on saloons, and evidence would simply disappear. If cases did make it to court, it wasn’t unheard-of for judges to simply dismiss all the charges and throw the case out.

Corrupt officials were well-paid for their services, some of them making six-figure sums in a year. Perhaps because of this, or perhaps because more and more people began to disagree with prohibition, there was no shortage of people who were willing to turn a blind eye.

5 Unsafe Homemade Alcohol

Although gallons’ worth of authentic alcoholic drinks were successfully smuggled over borders and into the United during the Prohibition years, the cheaper option was to purchase homemade beverages. Whether it was beer, wine, or hard liquor, all were made to varying degrees of success—and seemingly to varying levels of damage to the drinker’s health. Whereas home-brewed beer tended to simply taste foul and have a sludge-like appearance, homemade liquor could very well leave people paralyzed or even dead.

The US government did little to curb fatalities from drinking homemade alcohol, which was often poisonous due to the high amounts of methanol used in the beverages. In 1927, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of Prohibition Seymour M. Lowman stated that “a good job will have been done” if the “fringes” of society died off as a result of drinking “poison hooch.” In 1928, Time magazine highlighted the fact that those in charge of prohibition were turning a blind eye to such deaths when 33 people died over a period of just three days in Manhattan due to consuming homemade alcoholic drinks that contained lethal amounts of methanol.

4 Loss Of Tax Revenue

Not only did the US government lose millions of dollars in tax revenue from alcohol that would otherwise have been sold during Prohibition, but they were also hit a second time as a result of not being able to collect taxes from people no longer employed in jobs connected to alcohol production. On top of that, those people didn’t have any money to spend (and therefore put back into the US economy), and what they did spend was increasingly going to criminal organizations, dealing the US government a third hit in revenue. Also, it was estimated to have cost $40 million to implement and police Prohibition.

By the time the Great Depression hit, Prohibition was increasingly seen as a costly exercise on one hand and a missed opportunity for tax revenue on the other. There was even sentiment that the amount of money lost due to prohibition would have been much better spent on helping those with alcohol addiction instead of criminalizing them.

3 Burden On The Legal System

One of the main reasons that Prohibition ultimately failed was the pressure it placed on law enforcement, the courts, and prisons. By the time it became apparent that people would not simply abstain from alcohol as largely expected, US law enforcement was at its breaking point, the court systems were backing up, and the prisons were getting full.

As 1932 wore on, and the Depression continued to tighten its grip around the financial throat of ordinary Americans, it became clear that ending Prohibition would kill not just two, but several birds with one stone. The court systems would be cleared and money freed for more serious cases, like murder, which itself was up considerably in part due to increased gangland killings over territory rights.

Law enforcement would be freed of having to enforce the increasingly hated Prohibition, and most importantly, thousands of jobs would suddenly be made available both in breweries and once-again legal bars and establishments. Franklin D. Roosevelt made a pledge that he would end Prohibition if he were to be elected president of the United States, which he was in a landslide victory in November 1932. He made good on his promise, and Prohibition was brought to an end in December 1933.

2 Increased Division

Like many polarizing issues, the subject of Prohibition caused quite a division in US society. It wasn’t just those who liked a tipple versus teetotalers, however. As a result of World War I, there was an increasing anti-German sentiment throughout the US, which those in favor of Prohibition used to their advantage, most notably the Anti-Saloon League and various Christian movements. Not only did they state that grain should be used to make food in times of war as opposed to beer, but they insinuated that since many of the brewers were German, they were trying to corrupt and weaken Americans with their alcoholic beverages. Enjoying a drink suddenly became a moral and even a patriotic decision as much as a social one.

The Ku Klux Klan also took advantage of prohibition, stating that they were defenders of Prohibition and the need to enforce it. Although operating outside of the law, they torched many illegal saloons and considered bootleggers to be a section of society that had to be purged from existence. The KKK made toxic claims that the drinking of alcohol and the problems it caused were due to black people as well as Irish and Italian immigrants. Even as support for Prohibition decreased as the 1920s gave way to the 1930s, they continued to use such hard-line rhetoric in an attempt to keep it in place. They also formed political alliances of sorts with many hard-line Christian groups such as the Anti-Saloon League and various women’s Christian organizations.

1 General Distrust Of Authority

A long-lasting and underlying consequence of Prohibition was perhaps a general distrust of those in power—both of those who make decisions and of those who enforce them.

As the 1930s began, it became increasingly obvious to most that Prohibition had not been a good idea, nor had it been a success. Many questioned, albeit retrospectively, why it had been allowed to carry on for so long when many signs of its failure were there for all to see.

The corruption that had surfaced during this time also left a lasting impression on people, as did the question of where power really resided in the country. After all, in many cities across the US, it seemed as if criminal gangs were calling the shots as opposed to law enforcement.

Perhaps as a statement of how much they rejected Prohibition and the ideology behind it, many cities were quick to promote how many drinking establishments they had available. Chicago, a city that was seen as one of the epicenters of organized crime, had over 7,000 such venues.

Marcus Lowth—writer at Me Time For The Mind—http://www.metimeforthemind.com/
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If ever we needed a real-world example of the mythological Pandora’s box, the French Revolution would suffice. What began in the late eighteenth century in a united spirit of brotherhood and rooted in the principles of the Enlightenment quickly descended into utter chaos, taking thousands of lives with it and forever changing the course of Europe and the rest of the Western world.

As the 1789 revolution was only the first of several in France, it is difficult to evaluate it in isolation. There can be no doubt, however, that many of the events that followed it were not in line with the principles that had inspired it. From a complete breakdown of social order to the eventual restoration of the ancient royal line, here are 10 unintended consequences of the first French Revolution.

10 From Starvation to War

The years leading up to the revolution were not easy. Decades of fiscal mismanagement had caused an economic crisis. Recurrent bad harvests coupled with an increasing population also led to widespread hunger and discontentment among the lower classes. Many facets of French society were outright medieval, including some agricultural methods and the continuing existence of serfdom in practical terms.

Those were the issues that prompted the revolution, but it soon snowballed into one of the most cataclysmic dramas in European history. No sooner had the initial incursions been made than extremist factions took the reins and set the country literally on the warpath. By 1792, France had declared war on Austria, the birthplace of the French king’s wife, Marie Antoinette. For the lowliest of French citizens, who’d gone from no bread to no peace, this could hardly have been an improvement.^[1]

9 Widespread Looting and General Disorder

Far from stabilizing the underlying tensions of the years leading up to it, the revolution quickly led to episodic breakdowns in law and order. As soon as one small step toward meaningful reform was taken, dissatisfaction quickly set in. France’s problems were far too complex to be swept away as easily as converting the absolute monarchy into a constitutional one, and patience was in short supply. Rioting, looting, and a general threat to the public order became commonplace.

In truth, the beginning stages of the revolution were dominated by moderate reforms compared to what came later. The men at the center of these changes were largely on the side of orderly progress and respect for the law. Unfortunately, steps like abolishing noble titles didn’t magically put bread on people’s tables. With the king no longer in control, the masses, who’d been promised change but had little to show for it, turned on authority in general.^[2]

8 New Aristocracy of the Rich

As influenced as they were by Enlightenment principles, the revolutionary powers that be were willing to take their agenda only so far. Universal suffrage was out of the question. Basically, to have any say at all, you had to be a property-holding man who paid taxes. This was a voting bloc of some few million male citizens, compared to an overall population approaching 30 million.

This pool of male property-holders elected fellow tax-paying representatives to act on their behalf. It was these higher-taxed representatives who themselves elected the men who actually ended up in office. This created a system whereby men with money chose men with more money to put other men they trusted into government. The old aristocracy, of birth and privilege, was replaced with a new aristocracy of wealth and concentrated voting power. Dissatisfaction with this new system eventually provoked more radical action.^[3]

7 Enduring Inequality of Women

Considering the pivotal role women played in the early days of the revolution, you’d think the movement’s leaders would have been more amenable to feminist causes. That certainly would’ve lined up philosophically with their dismantling of the feudal system and other structures of arbitrary privilege. Unfortunately, as far as women were concerned, pre- and post-revolutionary France were two heads of the same beast.

As their American counterparts had done, the French revolutionaries drew up a new constitution that provided equality for all men. In both cases, women were not even mentioned. Rightly incensed at having been left behind, in 1791, political activist Olympe de Gouges authored a woman-centered companion text to the famous “Declaration of the Rights of Man.” Not long after, Gouges became yet another casualty of the revolution.^[4]

6 Disestablishment of the Church

Some of the revolutionaries’ early religious reforms were supported even by members of the Roman Catholic clergy in France, but these were soon overtaken by increasingly zealous changes. Within the space of a few months, the Church’s income was abolished and its lands forsaken, making it dependent on the state. In 1790, a glimpse of the radicalism that would soon consume France came in the form of the clerical oath. This was a requirement for all clergymen to swear allegiance to the new constitution.

Half refused, including most senior clergymen, on the grounds that their allegiance was to their faith. The Pope himself denounced the actions of the revolutionaries, who also intended to open up clerical appointments to popular elections, thereby restructuring the internal governance of the Church. Priests who refused to publicly endorse the new constitution had no option but to flee into exile. These changes politicized religion and turned the Vatican into an enemy of the revolution. Disestablishment followed not long after.^[5]

5 Reign of Terror

The most notorious aspects of the revolution were not seen in its initial stages but after the king and queen had been deposed, and a new republic declared. Already imprisoned and completely powerless, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were subsequently executed by the republican authorities in 1793. After that, the new French Republic and the governing Committee of Public Safety turned its attentions to other perceived enemies, both foreign and domestic.

Indeed, the revolutionary fervor had only begun. Within 18 months of the king’s execution, over 20,000 people had been sentenced to death or died imprisoned without trial. The powers of Europe united against France, sparking conscription, which itself led to internal rebellion. Priests and the Christian religion were massacred and denigrated. Finally, in a macabre and ironic twist, one of the Terror’s most famous figures, Robespierre, was himself guillotined and made a scapegoat for the Committee’s excesses.^[6]

4 A King for an Emperor

King Louis XVI was deposed in 1792 and summarily executed. His wife, Marie Antoinette, followed shortly after that, as well as other members of the royal family, other members of the nobility, and anyone else the revolutionary courts deemed a threat to the new order. By 1795, the king’s only surviving son, Louis Charles, by most accounts, had died of neglect at the hands of the revolutionaries. However, the exact circumstances of his death have never been uncovered.

For everything it took to rid themselves of the ancient monarchical system, you’d think the French would have been outright opposed to any return to similar customs. But in 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, who’d started life as the son of a minor nobleman, crowned himself emperor after a few years’ rule as a dictator. The last of his reigning descendants was Napoleon III, who fittingly was also the country’s final monarch.^[7]

3 Ten-Hour Days and a New Calendar

In 1792, perhaps the most peculiar and unnecessarily confusing exercise of the revolution, the first republican government instituted a new calendar stripped of the perceived Christian and royalist characteristics of the Gregorian calendar. Year I of the new republic was established to have started in September, and the calendar eventually came to be used not just in France but in other territories that fell under French control during the revolutionary wars.

There were still 12 months, but fewer weeks since they were now 10 days long (the leftover days were treated as bonuses, with no parent months). For some reason, the revolutionaries were particularly enthusiastic about decimalization, so each day was made 10 hours long. If this weren’t baffling enough, imagine trying to wrap your head around it in an environment of riots, political chaos, and war. Thankfully for Europe’s sanity, this bizarre experiment was eventually abandoned, with Napoleon abolishing the calendar shortly after becoming emperor.^[8]

2 Bourbon Restoration

Considering the point of the revolution was to get rid of the Ancien Régime, it’s safe to say its least intended outcome was the restoration of the old dynasty, but that’s precisely what happened. Just over two decades after the fall of the Bourbon monarchy and the executions of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Louis’s brother assumed the throne as Louis XVIII in 1814, albeit with certain concessions.

Louis XVIII’s reign was short but more effective than that of his reactionary brother, Charles, who became almost immediately unpopular upon ascending. A traditionalist, Charles attempted to revive some of the characteristics of the Old Regime, which led to disaster. In 1830, revolution again visited France, but mercifully in a more peaceful fashion, with Charles agreeing to abdicate in favor of his cousin, Louis Philippe. Louis Philippe’s own reign would meet its end with a further revolution in 1848.^[9]

1 Long-Lasting Partisanship and Deadlock

It’s human nature to look for resolution in the world around us. For those living through it, the revolution probably seemed climactic, the final chapter in the Ancien Régime story that, once lived through, would condemn its difficulties to history. But the months and years that followed brought their own sets of problems, not least of which were extreme partisanship and disenchantment with the democratic process.

Politically speaking, the terms “left” and “right” are inheritances from the revolution that we still use today, originally referring to the position of the liberal and conservative factions in the National Assembly. We already know the results of the breakdown in cooperation between the various deputies, some of which are named in this list. Today, partisanship and governmental gridlock continue to be serious problems for nations around the world.^[10]