Throughout history, folks have come up with some truly odd ways to keep witches and other malevolent forces at arm’s length. From stashing footwear in rafters to hanging enchanted stones above doors, the imagination knew no bounds when it came to warding off witchcraft.

Odd Ways to Ward Off Witchcraft

1 Hag Stones

Hag stones—also called holey stones or Odin stones—feature natural holes that were believed to trap evil. For centuries, especially in Dorset, England, people hung them above house doors, attached them to keychains, or placed them on beds to keep witches and demons from siphoning strength while sleepers rested. On farms, the stones protected stable doors and were even tied around a horse’s neck to stop witches from stealing the animal for their sabbats.

2 Holy Water

In medieval times, holy water was the go‑to weapon against the devil and his minions, who were thought to be allergic to its sanctity. Villagers sprinkled it around homes, on crops, and over livestock to drive away malevolent spirits. When a beast was suspected of being cursed by a witch, holy water was even poured down its throat. During storms, people rushed to the church for extra drops, believing the water could shield them from lightning and witch‑borne mischief.

3 Spoken And Written Charms

Charms—both spoken and inscribed—were thought to shatter a witch’s spell. Verbal formulas might include reciting five Our Fathers, five Ave Marias, and a Creed, as prescribed by a 17th‑century Nottingham sorcerer. Written charms appeared on paper, parchment, or wood, often folded into triangles. German settlers in Pennsylvania carried such amulets on their persons, sometimes embedding Bible verses, while others hung them in barns or homes for extra protection.

4 Witch Marks

Witch marks were protective symbols etched into walls, floors, or church interiors. Designs ranged from simple compasses and pentacles to intricate mazes called “demon traps,” intended to confuse wandering spirits. In 17th‑century Kent, workers carved Vs and Ws under floorboards at Knole House, invoking the Virgin Mary’s protection ahead of a visit from King James I, a notorious witch‑hunt enthusiast.

5 Rowan Trees

Across the British Isles, the rowan was prized for its anti‑witch qualities. Each berry bears a tiny five‑pointed star, echoing the protective pentagram, while its red hue was thought to repel enchantments. People planted rowans near homes, fashioned twig crosses for personal safety, and bound them with red thread to carry in pockets or stitch into coat linings. On the Isle of Man, rowan twigs were fashioned into May Eve crosses for both people and cattle.

6 Guard Cats

Some households literally bricked cats into walls, arranging the felines in hunting poses as a deterrent against supernatural pests. While the primary aim was to catch vermin, the presence of a cat was also believed to scare away a witch’s familiar—often imagined as an animal companion. Other protective items included hidden figurines in rafters or a lock of human hair tucked into the attic.

7 Witch Balls

Witch balls are brightly colored glass spheres designed to snare malevolent forces. In medieval England they were crudely formed; by the Victorian era they became more refined, using higher‑quality glass. Hung in windows, the dazzling hues were thought to lure witches inside, where they became trapped. In New England, some witch balls were filled with holy water for added spiritual protection.

8 Witches’ Stones Or Witches’ Seats

In old Guernsey cottages, stone blocks jutting from chimneys originally served to keep rain out. Over time, folklore turned them into “witches’ seats.” Legend held that weary witches returning from their sabbaths would perch on these ledges on Friday nights. Without a seat, a disgruntled witch might slip down the chimney, wreaking havoc or even taking up permanent residence.

9 Witches’ Bottles

Witches’ bottles—sometimes called spell bottles—were ceramic or glass containers packed with hair, nails, bent pins, urine, and other curious items. Popular in the late 16th and 17th centuries across England and America, the belief was that the urine represented the witch’s bladder, while the pins would irritate the witch so intensely that she’d lift the spell she’d cast. Owners typically buried the bottles or placed them in windows to keep the malevolence at bay.

10 Elf Arrow Amulets

Scottish peasants once believed that elf arrows—flint arrowheads that fell from clouds—were weapons wielded by fairies, elves, and witches to harm cattle and humans. When a person came into possession of such an arrow, it could be turned into a talisman against witchcraft and the evil eye, even serving as a cure for afflicted livestock. To keep the arrows from being reclaimed by witches, owners kept them away from sunlight.

11 Concealed Shoes

From the 13th century onward, people deliberately tucked shoes into the structural nooks of homes—among roof rafters, beneath floorboards, and within walls. The practice supposedly trapped the devil (originating from a tale of a priest imprisoning the devil in a boot) and shielded occupants from witches and other spirits. Critics argue many of the found shoes were simply lost, but the consistent placement alongside odd items like dried cats or horse skulls suggests a purposeful, magical intent that persisted well into the early 20th century.

When you think of UNESCO, historic castles and ancient ruins probably spring to mind – after all, the agency has been preserving world‑heritage sites since the 1972 World Heritage Convention. But beyond stone and marble, UNESCO has, since 2003, been busy safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage that lives in the everyday lives of people across the globe. In this roundup we spotlight 10 surprising traditions that UNESCO has placed under its protective wing, showing how even the most unexpected customs can hold profound cultural weight.

Why These 10 Surprising Traditions Matter

10 Mowing the Lawn

The yearly grass‑cutting showdown in the Kupres region of Bosnia and Herzegovina earned a spot on UNESCO’s list in 2020, officially dubbed the “Grass Mowing Competition Custom in Kupres.” Every July, locals converge on the Strljanica meadow, where participants wield traditional scythes to manually trim the fields. Victory is decided by a mix of speed, effort, and how much land is mowed, with the top three earners celebrated and the champion taking on a leadership role to oversee the community’s broader agricultural mowing needs. This seemingly mundane chore transforms into a unifying event that bridges ethnic and religious divides.

Known locally as Strljanica, the contest is open to anyone from the municipality, reinforcing its status as a cornerstone of regional identity. The ritual of hand‑mowing with a forged scythe isn’t just about speed; it’s a living reminder of shared heritage, where the winner is revered as a guiding figure ensuring the fields are properly tended. It’s a vivid illustration of how a simple, everyday task can knit a community together.

9 With a Side of Couscous

Across Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia, the entire lifecycle of couscous—from sowing the grain to grinding, cooking, and finally sharing the fluffy semolina—has been recognized by UNESCO as a symbolic tradition. Inscribed in 2020 under the title “Knowledge, Know‑How, and Practices Pertaining to the Production and Consumption of Couscous,” this culinary ritual embodies solidarity, togetherness, and a deep social meaning that extends far beyond the plate.

Every stage carries its own set of rituals: the grain is cultivated, the seeds are milled using specific tools, and the cooking process follows time‑honored methods. Even the utensils—clay bowls, wooden spoons—are traditionally crafted by local potters and family‑run cooperatives. Oral traditions, songs, and communal gatherings accompany the preparation, turning a humble dish into a vibrant cultural performance that celebrates community bonds and regional identity.

8 The Mediterranean Diet

The culinary tapestry of the Mediterranean basin—spanning Cyprus, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Italy, Morocco, and Portugal—earned UNESCO’s endorsement in 2013 as the “Mediterranean Diet.” This tradition isn’t merely a collection of recipes; it encapsulates a body of knowledge, skills, rituals, and symbols tied to the cultivation, cooking, and enjoyment of food, as well as the craftsmanship behind the accompanying tableware.

Communal dining lies at the heart of Mediterranean life, fostering social exchange and reinforcing cultural continuity. The diet reflects core regional values such as creativity, hospitality, neighborliness, intercultural dialogue, and respect for diversity. So the next time you savor a plate of pasta in Italy, remember that the experience is as much about shared moments and cultural heritage as it is about flavor.

7 Let’s Have a Pizza…

While the Mediterranean diet celebrates broad culinary practices, the specific art of crafting Neapolitan pizza has also been immortalized by UNESCO. Since 2017, the “Art of Neapolitan ‘Pizzaiuolo’” has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage, highlighting the technical know‑how passed down through generations of pizza makers.

Around 3,000 pizzaiuoli—skilled artisans who specialize in dough preparation, topping selection, and wood‑fired oven baking—practice this craft in Naples. Training occurs through apprenticeships and “bottega” workshops, where novices learn by watching masters at work. The tradition distinguishes three tiers of expertise: the baker, the pizzaiuolo, and the master pizzaiuolo, each contributing to the legacy of the iconic, blistered‑crust pizza we all love.

6 …And Some Beer

Belgium’s reputation as a beer haven is well‑known, boasting nearly 1,500 distinct brands and over 700 flavor profiles. Yet beyond the festive glasses, beer weaves itself into daily Belgian life, regional identities, and even cuisine—think beer‑washed cheeses and the hearty carbonade flamande stew.

UNESCO recognized this cultural fabric in 2016 under “Beer Culture in Belgium.” Tracing its roots to medieval Trappist monasteries, the tradition sees monks still brewing today, with profits often directed to charitable causes. Knowledge transfer happens informally at home, socially among friends, and formally through master brewers who teach at breweries, universities, and public workshops, ensuring the fizzing heritage endures.

5 A Perfect Timepiece

The meticulous craft of mechanical watchmaking—and its artistic offshoots such as automata, music boxes, and kinetic sculptures—has earned UNESCO’s nod under “Craftsmanship of Mechanical Watchmaking and Art Mechanics” (2020). Centered in the Jura Arc region straddling Switzerland and France, this tradition blends precision engineering with artistic expression.

Practitioners create watches, clocks, and chronometers, as well as whimsical devices that move or produce sound, embodying a crossroads of science, art, and technology. UNESCO notes that the practice promotes values like punctuality, patience, and perseverance, while also reflecting a philosophical quest for exactness and the intangible nature of measuring time.

4 Controlling a Snowy Mountain

In the Alpine zones of Switzerland and Austria, communities have long mastered the art of avalanche risk management, a practice inscribed by UNESCO in 2018. Given the dense populations living beneath steep slopes, generations have honed knowledge, cultural rituals, and practical strategies to anticipate and mitigate avalanche threats.

Today, age‑old wisdom merges with modern tools—such as measurement instruments and risk‑mapping technologies—to safeguard lives. UNESCO highlighted this tradition for its deep integration into everyday Alpine culture, emphasizing solidarity, communal responsibility, and the life‑saving impact of shared expertise.

3 Hawker Food

Singapore’s bustling hawker centers earned UNESCO recognition in 2020, celebrating “Hawker Culture” as a vibrant blend of community dining and culinary practices within a multicultural urban setting. Originating from street‑food stalls, these centers host a kaleidoscope of dishes that reflect the city‑state’s diverse heritage.

Beyond the tantalizing aromas, hawker centers serve as social hubs where people play chess, enjoy busking performances, and even engage in art jam sessions. Many hawkers have been perfecting their crafts since the 1960s, passing recipes down through families while also participating in training programs and events that keep the tradition thriving for future generations.

2 Bon Appétit

The French “Gastronomic Meal”—a ceremonial feast reserved for special occasions—has been added to UNESCO’s list, underscoring its role in fostering togetherness, sensory pleasure, and harmony between humans and nature’s bounty.

This elaborate dining experience follows a structured sequence: it opens with an aperitif, proceeds through at least four courses (starter, fish or meat with vegetables, cheese selection, and dessert), and concludes with a digestif. Careful attention is paid to dish selection, ingredient quality, wine pairing, and elegant table settings, turning a meal into a cultural performance that celebrates refinement and communal joy.

1 Turn to the Co‑Op

At first glance, German cooperatives might seem unglamorous, yet UNESCO inscribed the “Idea and Practice of Organizing Shared Interests in Cooperatives” in 2016, recognizing their profound social, cultural, and economic impact.

Rooted in medieval guilds and refined during the 19th‑century industrial era, these volunteer‑run associations provide services that elevate living standards, spur innovation, and empower communities. Guided by the subsidiary principle—prioritizing personal responsibility over state intervention—co‑ops offer low‑interest loans and open participation to all. Today, roughly a quarter of Germany’s populace belongs to a cooperative, a testament to the enduring relevance of this collaborative tradition.