Modern prosthetics are madly amazing. Some technologies allow amputees to feel what they’re touching with artificial fingers, and strides are being made in mind-controlled prosthetics.

However, prosthetics are not a new invention. Hundreds and even thousands of years ago, artisans crafted incredible replacements for people who lost a body part. From an eye made of fat to a murdered pharaoh missing a toe, here are 10 notable prosthetics from the past.

Related: Top 10 Disgusting And Unexpected Medical Treatments

10 The Hand of Prêles

In 2017, treasure hunters in Switzerland searched for valuables near the village of Prêles. While doing so, they disturbed an ancient grave. Among the items they found were a rib bone, a bronze dagger, and an unusual metal hand. When the treasure hunters delivered this cache to the Archaeological Service of the Canton of Bern, the hand was the star attraction.

Slightly smaller than a real hand, the artifact was made of bronze and tin and outfitted with a gold cuff. It weighed almost 18 ounces (17 grams) and had a hollow socket at the bottom. The latter feature suggested a few possible uses for this mysterious hand.

Although none can be definitively proven, the hand could’ve been a prosthetic, a ceremonial object once mounted on a scepter, or part of a statue. The fact that it was buried with the man suggested that it was a prosthetic or simply a status symbol. Whatever it was, at 3,500 years old, the unique artifact is the oldest metal sculpture of a human body part discovered in Europe thus far.^[1]

9 A Special Foot

In 2013, archaeologists were digging next to a medieval church in southern Austria when they found a grave. It contained the remains of a man, aged 35 to 50, who’d been buried sometime between AD 536 and 600. Artifacts inside the grave identified him as a member of the Franks, a group of Germanic tribes.

However, it wasn’t until 2016 that researchers published the most interesting details about the discovery. The man had a prosthetic foot. At 1,500 years old, the left foot is one of the oldest prosthetic limbs ever discovered in Europe. It was crafted from wood and the design also included an iron ring. Signs of wear and tear proved that the foot wasn’t a cosmetic funeral touch. The man once used it as a practical walking aid to get around.

The lower part of his leg and foot was missing, but the healed bone showed that he survived the amputation and lived for at least two more years. This was surprising, as, during that time, most people would quickly succumb to an infection after such a traumatic procedure.^[2]

8 A Four-Fingered Hand

In 2023, pipeline workers In Germany accidentally disturbed an ancient grave near Munich. Once the archaeologists arrived, they determined that the man in the grave died at the age of 30 to 50, sometime between 1450 and 1620.

What made the discovery so exceptional was his hand. The bones of his thumb were present, but the rest of his fingers were gone. In the place of the missing digits, he wore an iron glove with four fingers.

The fake fingers were hollow, stiff, and curved slightly to lend a natural look to the prosthetic. Scraps of materials suggested that leather straps fixed the device to the man’s hand while gauze-like fabric was stuffed inside to protect his skin from chafing against the metal.

It’s unknown how the man lost his hand. However, he lived in a time fraught with military activity, and it’s not hard to imagine that he suffered a devastating injury to his hand during combat, potentially leading to the amputation of his four fingers.^[3]

7 A Luxury Toe

West of Luxor, in Egypt, nestles an ancient chapel. Here, important people close to the royal family were buried. In one of the tombs, archaeologists stumbled upon a priest’s daughter with a remarkable prosthetic—a super realistic big toe. Expert hands had carved the appendage from wood, and quality straps attached it to the mummy’s foot. Aged at around 3,000 years, the toe was quickly declared one of the world’s first prosthetics.

In 2017, the artifact was subjected to a battery of tests using technologies such as computer imaging, x-rays, and modern microscopy. The study revealed that the carver was a gifted artisan and well-trained in human anatomy and that a real attempt was made to provide the woman with a natural-looking foot.

The technical expertise was also obvious in the mobility and comfort provided by the prosthetic. Indeed, the tests revealed that the toe was refitted several times to ensure that she could walk as normally and comfortably as possible.^[4]

6 Precursor to Modern Tooth Bridges

In 2016, archaeologists excavated two tombs in Lucca, Italy. Within the jumbled remains of about 100 people was a set of false teeth. Due to the chaos inside the graves, it couldn’t be matched to a single individual nor accurately dated, but experts estimated the device was around 400 years old.

The unique dental prosthesis consisted of five real teeth, all from different people. Whoever made the artifact didn’t bother with accuracy, as the three incisors and two canines were arranged in the wrong order. That didn’t mean the “dentist” wasn’t innovative. They removed the tips from each tooth’s root, made a lengthwise cut across the roots, aligned the teeth, and linked them with a golden band. Each tooth was also fixed to the band by two tiny golden pins.

Apart from being the first physical evidence of appliances designed to hold loose teeth, as described in the 16th and 17th centuries, it also resembled the Maryland bridge technique. This advanced method was developed in the 1970s. It produced a bridge with small “wings” on both sides that are attached to adjacent teeth for stability.^[5]

5 A Deadly Prosthetic

The Middle Ages was a dangerous time, and one man fit right in, even though he was an amputee. In 1985, archaeologists found his remains in Italy and noticed that his arm had been cut off at the mid-forearm.

It’s not known how the man lost his arm. However, since his people, a Germanic group called the Longobards, were rather combative, he could’ve lost his arm on the battlefield or required amputation due to a conflict-related injury.

Here’s where things get unusual. The man, who died aged 40 to 50, replaced his hand with an iron knife. While it gave him a pirate-esque look, researchers believe that this peculiar choice wasn’t just for self-defense but also to help him with daily tasks.

The weaponized hand was attached to his arm with straps, which he held and tightened with his teeth during the fastening process (the teeth on the right side of his mouth showed extreme wear, which supported this theory).^[6]

4 A Golden Mouth Plate

Today, children born with cleft palates can correct the condition with surgery. But 300 years ago, there was no such medical intervention. An afflicted person would likely struggle for the rest of their life with speech, swallowing, and breathing. But one man who lived during the 18th century in Poland had it lucky. Someone made him a prosthetic plate to help him live a more normal existence.

Ancient solutions for cleft palates are not unknown, but experts have never seen anything like this artifact. The exceptional prosthesis was forged of copper, gold, and silver. Wool and felt-like materials were also used to make the plate more comfortable and better fitting.

The man’s remains and his device were discovered in 2024, and a close examination showed that the individual was born without a hard palate. This was a serious defect, but the well-crafted plate allowed him to live more comfortably with the condition until he died at around age 50.^[7]

3 A Postmortem Prosthesis

Ancient Egypt is known for many great things, including the pyramids, hieroglyphics, art, and their iconic gods. But when it came to who should rule Egypt, civility often vanished in favor of murder plots. One such assassination occurred in 1155 BC. According to papyrus documents, the drama happened because Queen Tiye wanted to remove Pharaoh Ramesses III and put her son on the throne.

When the mummified body of Ramesses III was examined in 2012, researchers realized that he was indeed murdered by several attackers. One assassin approached the pharaoh from behind and used a blade to cut his trachea and esophagus. Another attacked from the front with an ax or sword. This individual hacked off Ramesses’s big toe.

To replace the missing digit, the embalmers fashioned a “toe” out of linen and placed it on his foot. This just goes to show that not all ancient prostheses were for the living, or grand, for that matter. Not even if you were a king.^[8]

2 The World’s Oldest Prosthetic Eye

In 2006, Iranian archaeologists made a historical find near the city of Zabol. The team was excavating the Burnt City, a human settlement thousands of years old, when they happened upon the 5,000-year-old skeleton of a woman.

She was roughly 6 feet (1.8 meters) tall, an unusual height for women of the time. But more intriguing was one of her eyes. The left eye socket contained an artificial eye made of animal fat and natural tar. The artist went to great lengths to make the globe realistic, even recreating tiny blood vessels by using thin golden wires. The artifact was also wrapped in a layer of gold and engraved with a circle to represent the iris.

The prosthetic eye—said to be the world’s oldest—wasn’t a cosmetic touch added after her death. The young woman wore it often during her lifetime of 25 to 30 years. Evidence supporting this included two holes on either side of the eye that likely kept the eye in place during use and the presence of eyelid tissue on the prosthetic’s surface.^[9]

1 A Non-Amputee with A Prosthetic Leg

When thinking about an artificial leg, the first thing that comes to mind isn’t that the person using it still has both legs. Such was the case of a man who lived 2,200 years ago near Turpan, China.

In 2016, an ancient tomb revealed a man with a deformed leg. The knee and leg bones were fused in such a way that it prevented him from straightening his left leg, keeping it fixed at an 80-degree angle. To help the man walk, a prosthetic leg was placed under and against the knee and fastened to the thigh with straps. Unusually, at the bottom of the wooden leg was a real horse hoof, which acted like a foot.

It’s unclear why the man’s knee fused at such an odd angle. Among several possible causes of bone fusion is inflammation. Evidence suggested that the man suffered from tuberculosis in the past. This infection might have caused sufficient inflammation to encourage abnormal bone growth, which eventually fused his knee.^[10]

Prosthetics are not a modern invention. For millennia, physicians and craftsmen have built replacements for body parts that people have lost through injury, amputation, or disease.

Today, few ancient examples survive because their construction of wood and organic material decayed quickly. Of those that remain, many are elegantly engineered machines, resembling cybernetics more than peg legs. Other ancient prostheses are shrouded in mystery, and our knowledge of them has only come through legend.

10 Cairo Toe

Dated between 950 and 710 BC, the “Cairo toe” is the oldest prosthesis in the world. Archaeologists discovered this artificial big toe on a female mummy near Luxor.

The Cairo toe is composed of leather, molded and stained wood, and thread. Ancient Egyptians frequently created false body parts for burials. However, tests on toeless volunteers revealed that this ancient prosthesis was functional as well. It made walking in Egyptian-style sandals significantly easier, and the lack of pressure points made it comfortable for extended use.

Archaeologists have discovered other ancient prosthetic toes in Egyptian graves. One dated to 600 BC is composed of a paper-mache mixture known as cartonnage. Experiments revealed that this style of prosthesis was uncomfortable and could not bend. However, they made excellent cosmetic replacements for missing digits.

9 Golden Eye

In 1998, archaeologists unearthed the oldest artificial eye in the world. Dated to 5,000 years ago, the prosthesis was discovered at the necropolis of Shahr-i-Sokhta in the Sistan desert on the Iran-Afghan border.

A half-sphere with a diameter of just over 2.5 centimeters (1 in), the lightweight eye was made from bitumen paste. Intricate engravings create a central iris bursting with rays of golden light. Traces of gold are still present, suggesting that the eye was once cloaked in the material.

Between 25 and 30 years old, the woman who wore the eye was nearly 183 centimeters (6′) tall, making her a giant in 2900 BC. She was also buried with an ornate bronze hand mirror.

Initially, the research team thought that the artificial eye had been placed in the grave after her death. However, a microscopic investigation revealed an imprint on her left eye socket from extended contact with the prosthesis.

8 Gotz Of The Iron Hand

Gottfried “Gotz” von Berlichingen was an infamous German mercenary with a prosthetic arm that matched his fearsome reputation. During the 1504 siege of Landshut, Gotz lost his right arm to a cannon blast. He survived and commissioned armor with an artificial iron limb.

Internal gears controlled the articulated fingers of the iron prosthesis. The new limb was strong enough to handle a sword and delicate enough to clutch a quill. For 40 years, “Gotz of the Iron Hand” continued to terrorize the German countryside.

Born nearly 500 years ago in Wurttemberg, Gotz was a knight of the Holy Roman Emperor but spent much of his time robbing merchants and noblemen. He is now remembered as a Robin Hood–like figure. Gotz’s groundbreaking prosthesis is celebrated by Germans as a symbol of their national ingenuity.

7 Hoofed Prosthetic Leg

In 2007, archaeologists unearthed a 2,200-year-old hoofed artificial leg in Turpan, China. The prosthesis was attached to a man between 50 and 65 years old.

His patella, femur, and tibia were fused together at an 80-degree angle, making it impossible to walk normally. The prosthetic leg contained a horse foot at the bottom. Wear at the top of the prosthesis revealed that it had been used for years.

Some speculate his knee condition was the result of inflammation. The man once suffered from tuberculosis, which may have resulted in bony growth with the potential to fuse the knee together.

The bone’s smooth surface suggests that the inflammation stopped years before his death. Modest grave goods indicate that the man was of modest means. Based on radiocarbon dating, experts believe he belonged to the ancient Gushi people, who were conquered by the Han dynasty in the first century BC.

6 Tycho Brahe’s ‘Silver’ Nose

Born in 1546, Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe made the most accurate measurements of planetary bodies without a telescope and discovered that comets were beyond our atmosphere. In 1566, Brahe lost his nose in a duel with Manderup Parsberg. They had fought over a math formula. For the remainder of his life, Brahe wore a prosthetic nose that historians believed to be made of silver.

When Brahe was exhumed in 2010, researchers discovered that his famous “silver” nose was not really silver. Although they were not able to locate the actual prosthesis, traces of zinc and copper were found in greenish colorations around the nasal cavity.

Researchers concluded that his prosthetic nose must have been made of bronze. Brahe had inherited a vast sum of money from his foster father, Jorgen. With one percent of Denmark’s wealth after his inheritance, Brahe may have had a gold nose for special occasions.

5 Anglesey Leg

Sir Henry Paget, Lord of Uxbridge, lost his leg to a cannon blast while commanding the British cavalry at the Battle of Waterloo. Uxbridge was carried from the field and survived an above-knee amputation.

During the procedure, which was performed without antiseptics or anesthesia, the stoic nobleman noted simply that “the knives appear somewhat blunt.” Stored at Waterloo, his severed leg was a popular tourist attraction for decades.

James Potts designed the patented “Anglesey Leg” to replace Uxbridge’s missing limb. Most prostheses of the time were peg legs. However, the Anglesey Leg was a work of art.

Constructed of carved fruitwood, the articulated leg was controlled by a delicate system of kangaroo tendon strips, allowing flexibility of the knee, ankle, and toes. Less limber prosthetics frequently got tripped up on cobblestones.

4 Recycled Teeth

While investigating Tuscany’s San Francesco monastery, archaeologists discovered the earliest known dental prosthesis in the world. The 400-year-old dentures were made of real human teeth—three central incisors and two lateral canines—bound together with a golden band.

The roots of the teeth were partially removed before incisions were made along their base. The teeth were then aligned and secured into place with a gold lamina. A CT scan revealed minute gold pins fixing the teeth to the internal gold band.

Archaeologists have long known about ancient dentures through written accounts. However, this is the first tangible discovery. The teeth were found in a noble family’s tomb containing 100 corpses.

Researchers have been unable to match the dentures to any of the mandibles. The owner remains a mystery. The buildup of plaque and calcium on the dentures suggests that they were worn for an extended period of time, perhaps years.

3 Ancient Austrian Peg Leg

In an ancient Austrian cemetery, archaeologists uncovered the remains of a sixth-century warrior who had a prosthetic leg. Experts believe the limb was amputated in battle. The evidence of the ancient prosthesis came from an iron ring above where the foot should have been attached.

Detecting osteoarthritis, experts believe the man once used a crutch. Experts speculate that the prosthesis was a wooden peg leg reinforced with an iron band at the bottom. Stains on the leg bones suggest that leather was used to secure the prosthesis.

Researchers believe the knight was between 35 and 50 years old. He was buried with an ornate brooch and a short sword. A CT scan revealed that he had a healed broken nose, multiple cavities, and arthritis in his hip, shoulder, spine, and left knee. Two lower leg bones contained cavities, suggesting an infection.

Although amputations predate the sixth century, the knight’s mid-bone severing remains unique.

2 Barbarossa’s Silver Arm

In the 16th century, the infamous Barbary Coast pirate Aruj Barbarossa was known as “Silver Arm” for his glimmering prosthetic limb. During a battle with the Spanish in Algeria in 1512, he sustained a cannon shot that blew away his left arm above the elbow.

His men carried their unconscious commander to Tunis, where highly skilled Arab surgeons amputated the shattered limb. Then Barbarossa was outfitted with a special prosthesis made of shimmering metal.

Barbarossa eventually became sultan of Algiers. To protect his possession, he allied with the Ottomans, becoming a governor of their new province.

1 Capua Leg

In 1910, archaeologists unearthed a prosthetic leg in an ancient Roman tomb in Capua, Italy. At the time of its discovery, the Capua leg was the oldest artificial limb in the world.

Dated to 300 BC, the Roman prosthesis was constructed of bronze. Its function was to replace the lower portion of the leg below the knee. Researchers believe that a sheet metal waistband secured the leg in place.

The Capua leg was housed in London at the Royal College of Surgeons until it was destroyed in an air raid during World War II. A copy exists at the Science Museum, London.

Artificial limbs were not commonplace in ancient Rome. However, there were a few famous examples. General Marcus Sergius lost his arm during the Second Punic War. He commissioned an iron replacement. The new limb allowed him to hold a shield and continue engaging in combat.

Abraham Rinquist is the executive director of the Winooski, Vermont, branch of the Helen Hartness Flanders Folklore Society. He is the coauthor of Codex Exotica and Song-Catcher: The Adventures of Blackwater Jukebox.