Ever wondered how many modern day phrases you actually use that weren’t invented yesterday? No, we’re not talking about baby babble or the random sounds you made as a toddler. We mean genuine, widely‑used expressions that have stood the test of time. If you’re anything like us, the honest answer is probably “zero.” But don’t worry—creating a phrase that catches on with the masses isn’t exactly a walk in the park.

The English playwright who managed to do just that is none other than William Shakespeare. Scholars estimate he coined somewhere between 1,600 and 1,700 words, plus countless idioms that still echo through today’s conversations. From the stage of the Globe to our smartphones, his influence is still very much alive.

Ready to see the legacy? Below are ten modern day idioms that trace their roots straight back to the Bard’s pen. If you’ve ever paused and thought, “Where did that come from?” the answer is likely hiding in this list.

10 Modern Day Phrases That Shakespeare Gave Us

10. The Mic Drop Of Phrases

We’ve all tossed around the saying “be all and end all.” It signals the ultimate, non‑negotiable element of something. Drop it in a chat, and you’re basically saying there’s no alternative—this is the final word. Shakespeare first painted that picture in his 1605 tragedy Macbeth.

While the titular Scottish noble wrestles with the idea of murdering King Duncan, he muses, “If it were done, when ’tis done, then ’twere well it were done quickly. If th’ assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch with his surcease, success: that but this blow might be the be‑all and the end‑all.”

Of course, as any keen reader of Macbeth knows, the plot isn’t the literal “be‑all and end‑all” for the protagonist. Still, Shakespeare’s line gave us a phrase that now pops up whenever someone wants to stress absolute importance. It’s a true mic‑drop moment for language.

9. Making Milk Moves

In Act II, Scene III of Henry IV, Shakespeare tossed out a term we now consider ordinary when talking about dairy: “skim milk.” While the practice of removing cream from milk predates the Elizabethan era—ancient Greeks and Romans were already familiar with it—Shakespeare gave us the exact phrasing we still use.

Here, the hot‑headed Hotspur slams a nobleman for not backing his rebellion, declaring, “O, I could divide myself and go to buffets, for moving such a dish of skim milk with so honourable an action! Hang him! Let him tell the king: we are prepared. I will set forward tonight.”

So, while Shakespeare wasn’t literally churning milk, his metaphor stuck. Today we use “skim milk” to describe the literal process of letting cream separate, but back then it served as a vivid jab at someone lacking backbone. Layers of meaning, courtesy of the Bard.

8. In Cold Blood (or Hot!)

Shakespeare was ahead of his time when he linked temperament to the temperature of one’s blood. Nowadays we casually label someone “hot‑blooded” if they’re quick‑tempered, and “cold‑blooded” for ruthless cruelty. The idioms have seeped into everything—from Truman Capote’s true‑crime classic In Cold Blood to everyday conversation.

The Bard introduced these ideas in several plays. In The Merry Wives of Windsor, Falstaff cries, “The Windsor bell hath struck twelve; the minute draws on. Now, the hot‑blooded gods assist me!” Later, in King Lear, Lear himself calls out a “hot‑blooded France” amid the turmoil of war.

And the chill side appears too. In King John, the widowed Constance denounces Limoges as a “cold‑blooded slave” when he appears unemotional. From fiery passions to icy deeds, Shakespeare’s blood‑temperature metaphors have endured.

7. What’s in a Name?

Believe it or not, Shakespeare birthed the first recorded use of the name “Jessica.” The maiden appears in The Merchant of Venice as Shylock’s daughter, making the name instantly famous.

Scholars aren’t entirely sure where Shakespeare lifted it from, but a strong theory points to the Hebrew name “Iscah,” meaning “vision” or “sight.” Given Shylock’s Jewish background, it’s plausible the playwright anglicized the biblical name for his audience.

Shakespeare probably never imagined “Jessica” would become a staple name for generations. Yet today, celebrities from Jessica Biel to Jessica Alba carry the moniker, all thanks to a 16th‑century playwright.

6. Beware of Wild Geese!

The phrase “wild goose chase” first sprang from Shakespeare’s pen—in Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio quips, “If thy wits run the wild‑goose chase, I have done, for thou hast more of the wild‑goose in one of thy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five.”

Initially, the expression described a type of horse race where followers chased a leader in a weaving, unpredictable pattern reminiscent of a flock of geese. The pursuit often proved futile, with the leader typically winning outright.

Over time, “wild goose chase” morphed into the modern sense of a hopeless, fruitless endeavor—searching high and low for something unlikely to be found. Shakespeare’s early use set the stage for the idiom’s evolution.

5. What a Late Night Hoot!

Shakespeare loved sprinkling animal imagery throughout his works. In Richard II, he writes, “for night‑owls shriek where mounting larks should sing,” a straightforward nod to nocturnal birds.

But he also gave “night owl” a metaphorical twist. In his poem “The Rape of Lucrece,” he uses the term to describe someone burning the midnight oil. The line reads, “This said, his guilty hand pluck’d up the latch, and with his knee the door he opens wide. The dove sleeps fast that this night‑owl will catch: thus treason works ere traitors be espied.”

From literal bird calls to a lasting idiom for those who thrive after dark, Shakespeare’s night‑owl legacy still hoots in today’s language.

4. Critics Critiquing Content

In Act III, Scene I of Love’s Labour’s Lost, the lovesick Berowne laments his past, declaring, “I, that have been love’s whip; A very beadle to a humorous sigh; A critic, nay, a night‑watch constable; A domineering pedant o’er the boy; Than whom no mortal so magnificent!”

The word “critic” predates Shakespeare, stemming from Middle French “critique,” Latin “criticus,” and ultimately Greek “kritikos” (able to judge). Yet Shakespeare’s clever twist turned the verb into a noun describing a specific occupation—someone whose job is to evaluate plays, actors, and performances.

By giving “critic” a formal role, the Bard highlighted the very real tension he experienced with his own reviewers, cementing the term in the cultural lexicon.

3. Eyes on the Prize

Shakespeare loved forging fresh compound words, and “eyeball” is a prime example. Though other writers used the term as early as 1580, it was Shakespeare’s repeated appearances that cemented it in everyday speech.

First, just before 1600, he writes in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, “Then crush this herb into Lysander’s eye, whose liquor hath this virtuous property, to take from thence all error with his might, and make his eyeballs roll with wonted sight.” Later, in The Tempest, Prospero tells Ariel, “Go make thyself like a nymph o’ the sea: be subject to no sight but thine and mine; invisible to every eyeball else.”

These vivid uses helped popularize “eyeball,” turning a simple anatomical term into a staple of modern English.

2. Green with Envy

Jealousy isn’t a Shakespeare invention, but he was the first to tie the emotion to the colour green. In The Merchant of Venice, Portia muses, “…and green‑eyed jealousy!” establishing the visual link.

Later, in 1604’s Othello, Iago warns, “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green‑eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on.” This metaphor cemented “green‑eyed monster” as a shorthand for envy, a phrase still widely used today.

From Portia’s warning to Iago’s caution, Shakespeare’s green‑eyed imagery has colored our language for centuries.

1. That’s Wacky… uh, Zany!

In Act V, Scene II of Love’s Labour’s Lost, Berowne rattles off a string of descriptors, including the word “zany.” The line reads, “…some slight zany, some mumble‑news, some trencher‑knight, some Dick, that smiles his cheek in years and knows the trick…”

The term “zany” didn’t spring from thin air. Shakespeare borrowed it from the Italian nickname “Zanni,” a diminutive of “Giovanni.” In 16th‑century Italy, a “Zanni” was a comic servant or clown, a figure of slapstick humor.

Shakespeare anglicized the word, and while his audience may not have recognized the Italian origin, the lively sound stuck. Today, “zany” describes anything wildly eccentric or absurd—another lasting gift from the Bard.

Ever wonder why we say the things we do? Among the countless idioms we toss around, 10 common phrases actually trace their lineage back to the creaking decks and billowing sails of historic ships. From flags fluttering in battle to the groaning timbers of a vessel caught in a gale, the sea has left a surprisingly salty imprint on everyday language. Let’s set sail through these expressions and uncover the high‑seas stories that gave them life.

10 Common Phrases and Their Nautical Roots

10 To Show One’s True Colors

When someone “shows their true colors,” they are revealing their genuine nature – a phrase that hails from the world of naval flags. In military parlance, “colors” refers to a ship’s flags, and for centuries vessels would sometimes hoist false colors to deceive an opponent and slip closer for a surprise attack. Pirates famously employed this ruse, but so did warships during periods of conflict.

Naval tradition, however, insisted that a vessel could not fire unless it displayed its authentic colors. As Mountague Bernard noted in his 1870 work A Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain During the American Civil War, “a ship may not fire without showing her true colours.” The earliest printed instance of the phrase appears in Thomas Becon’s 1551 treatise A Fruitful Treatise of Fasting, where the devil is described as “setteth forth him selfe in his true colours.”

Its sibling idiom, “to pass with flying colors,” shares a similar pedigree. After a victorious engagement, a ship would raise its regimental flag to signal triumph, while the defeated vessels were forced to strike (lower) their colors.

9 Toe the Line

The phrase “toe the line,” meaning to conform to a standard or literally line up one’s toes, has murky origins but is linked to both the Royal Navy and the British Army. While it’s unclear which service coined the expression first, the earliest printed usage appears in John Railton’s 1738 manual The Army Regulator, describing troops being ordered into a precise formation.

In a naval setting, the phrase surfaces in an 1831 account by Captain Basil Hall. He recounts a crew being arranged on deck with “each with his toes at the edge of a plank,” a disciplinary practice where sailors stood on a marked line – later dubbed “toe‑the‑line matches.” Disobedient mariners could be punished by being forced to remain on the plank’s line for extended periods.

8 Pipe Down

Life aboard a ship is a cacophony of wind, waves, and creaking timbers, so orders were often given via a whistle or pipe. The command “pipe down” signaled that the crew’s duties were finished and the ship would settle into a quieter state. Consequently, the phrase evolved to mean “be quiet.”

The instruction is documented in Leonard Gillespie’s 1798 manual Advice to Commanders and Officers, which notes, “at four o’clock, P.M. the hammocks should regularly be piped down.” Herman Melville later echoed the phrase in his 1850 novel White‑Jacket, writing, “‘Pipe down!’ cried the Captain, and the crew slowly dispersed.”

7 By and Large

When we say something is “by and large” we mean it is mostly or generally true. The expression originates from sailing terminology, where it was shorthand for “close‑hauled and not close‑hauled.” “By” denotes a ship sailing as close to the wind as possible (close‑hauled), while “large” indicates sailing with the wind hitting the stern (not close‑hauled).

Thus, a vessel described as handling “by and large” could navigate well under both wind directions. The earliest known printed reference appears in Samuel Sturmy’s 1669 periodical The Mariners Magazine, which states, “Thus you see the ship handled in fair weather and foul, by and learge.”

6 Three Sheets to/in the Wind

In nautical lingo, “sheets” are the ropes that control a ship’s sails. If these sheets become loose, the sails flap erratically, making the vessel sway like a drunk staggering about. Hence, describing someone as “three sheets to (or in) the wind” conveys that they’re heavily intoxicated.

The phrase first surfaces in print in Pierce Egan’s 1821 work Real Life in London, where he writes, “Old Wax and Bristles is about three sheets in the wind.” While modern usage favors “three” and the preposition “to,” earlier versions employed a scale: one sheet denoted tipsiness, two indicated a stronger buzz, and three signified full‑blown drunkenness. Catherine Ward’s 1824 novel The Fisher’s Daughter illustrates this scale, noting a character who “instead of being one sheet in the wind, was likely to get to three before he took his departure.”

5 Hand over Fist

The idiom “hand over fist,” commonly used to describe rapid gains—especially of money—has maritime roots, though its exact birth aboard ship is debated. It began as “hand over hand” in the mid‑1700s, describing the motion of climbing a rope. While ropes are not exclusive to ships, they are undeniably central to seafaring.

The earliest known use appears in a 1736 letter by Benjamin Cooke, who described a man descending a well “hand over hand, as the Workmen call it.” The phrase entered naval literature in William Falconer’s 1769 An Universal Dictionary of the Marine, which notes that a sailor “goes aloft, hand‑over‑hand, when he ascends into the tops … by a single rope.”

By the 1820s, the expression evolved to “hand over fist.” William Glascock’s 1826 The Naval Sketchbook records the French “coming up with us, ‘hand over fist,’ in three divisions.” Around the same time, the phrase acquired its modern money‑making connotation, as seen in Seba Smith’s 1833 novel The Life and Writings of Major Jack Downing, where people “clawed the money off of his table, hand over fist.”

4 Taken Aback

In naval terms, “aback” describes a ship’s sails being forced backward against the mast by a sudden wind shift. To be “taken aback” meant the vessel was abruptly caught in this condition, either due to a change in wind direction or a sudden course alteration. Today, the phrase has broadened to mean being surprised.

The word dates back to at least the late 17th century; a 1697 edition of the London Gazette records “I braced my topsails aback.” The compound “taken aback” appears in a 1755‑56 issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, which warns that “If they luff up, they will be taken aback, and run the hazard of being dismasted.” The expression entered general usage during the 1800s, with Charles Dickens noting he was “ever so taken aback” in his 1842 travelogue American Notes for General Circulation.

3 Dutch Courage

“Dutch courage” refers to the confidence boost one gets from a drink, and its origin lies in the Royal Navy’s rivalry with the Dutch during the 17th and 18th‑century Anglo‑Dutch Wars. English sailors used “Dutch” as a pejorative, and the phrase plays on stereotypes of Dutch drunkenness, particularly the consumption of genever—a juniper‑flavored spirit that later evolved into gin.

Other “Dutch” idioms include “going Dutch” (splitting the bill) and “Dutch bargain” (a deal struck while intoxicated). The earliest literary allusion to the concept appears in a 1665 poem by Edmund Waller: “The Dutch their Wine, and all their Brandy lose, / Dis‑arm’d of that from which their Courage grows.” The exact phrase “Dutch courage” first shows up in print in 1781, when Captain Decker wrote to the Amsterdam Gazette that “It is very probable the Dutch sailors were drunk. Dutch courage has been long proverbial.”

2 Turn a Blind Eye

The expression “turn a blind eye,” meaning to willfully ignore something, is linked to the famed Royal Navy officer Horatio Nelson. During the 1801 Battle of Copenhagen, Admiral Hyde Parker, fearing defeat, signaled Nelson—who was on a different ship—to retreat. Nelson allegedly replied, “I have only one eye—I have a right to be blind sometimes,” and then raised his telescope to his glass eye, declaring, “I really do not see the signal!”

This anecdote was first recorded in Robert Southey’s 1813 biography Life of Nelson, though some historians suspect it may be more myth than fact. Nevertheless, the story cemented the phrase in popular usage. Notably, Nelson’s decision to ignore the signal proved successful, as the Danish forces soon agreed to a truce.

1 Slush Fund

Today, a “slush fund” denotes a stash of money kept for miscellaneous—often illicit—purposes, such as bribery or hush money. The term’s nautical roots lie in the 18th‑century meaning of “slush” as the greasy waste from cooking aboard ship. Crews would render this fat into candles and other products, storing it in barrels until the vessel reached port, where it could be sold.

By the early 19th century, the proceeds from this “slush” were called a “slush fund.” William McNally’s 1839 treatise Evils and Abuses in the Naval and Merchant Service, Exposed explains that the provision was weighed before boiling, and “all that comes from it ought to be given to them, as it forms a component part of their ration.” However, officers often siphoned the money for personal luxuries, such as cushions and rugs, leaving the crew short‑changed.

The phrase migrated ashore by the mid‑1800s and quickly acquired a shady connotation, becoming synonymous with secretive, sometimes illegal, financial reserves.

The borders of any language are jagged, torn, and ever‑shifting, making it hard to draw a clean line between one tongue and the next. It is precisely in those ragged edges that slang thrives—a constantly evolving collection of words, phrases, and idiomatic quirks that, depending on who’s listening, can either be seen as a cheapening of a language or as the vivid splash of colour that keeps a tongue from turning sterile and overly formal.

Below you’ll find the top 10 coolest slang gems harvested from bustling city streets, remote farmyards, noisy pubs, and quiet cafés. These terms are as diverse as the cultures that birthed them, ranging from playful cant in South Africa to internet‑born acronyms that echo through Twitch chats. Buckle up and prepare for a whirlwind tour of linguistic oddities you’ll want to drop into conversation.

Why These Are the Top 10 Coolest Slang Gems

1 Gen Z English‑Speaking Internet Slang, the Interwebs

Older generations often argue that the surge of emojis and meme‑driven chatter is eroding the depth of human interaction. Some even suggest that literary giants like Bradbury and Huxley should be resurrected to remind today’s youth what “fiction” truly means. The criticism, however, overlooks the fact that language naturally adapts to its environment.

The most emblematic example of this digital‑era evolution is the string of letters “SKSKSKSKSKSK.” Typed in rapid succession, it mimics the high‑pitched squeal you hear when a streamer’s microphone catches feedback from a booming speaker. In other words, it’s an onomatopoeic way of saying, “I’m pumped!” and has become a staple of excitement in live‑chat culture.

Perhaps the backlash is misplaced; instead of lamenting the loss of traditional prose, we might look to the Wachowskis and imagine a future where this very energy fuels immersive virtual worlds. Until then, SKSKSKSK remains a perfect snapshot of Gen Z’s exuberant digital lexicon.

2 Norwegian, Norway

Picture a friend who’s an “alkis,” clutching a “sig” between his teeth, while you’re trying to decide whether you’re “keen” enough to explore the fjords. If you’ve never set foot in Norway, you might ask, “Serr?” – a colloquial way of saying, “Are you serious?” This snapshot captures how Norwegian slang condenses longer words into snappy, bite‑size forms.

In the Norwegian youth scene, “alkis” shortens alcoholic, “sig” stands for cigarette, and “serr” replaces serious. The influence of English and American pop culture is evident: “keen,” borrowed directly from English, now lives alongside native slang. These truncations strip language down to its essentials, revealing the shared roots between Germanic tongues and modern English.

Yet Norwegian isn’t merely a reduced version of English. It boasts uniquely Norwegian idioms that make sense only in a Nordic context. For instance, stumbling upon an unexpected delight might prompt you to exclaim, “En rosin i polsen,” literally “a raisin in the sausage.” Conversely, if someone pitches a bizarre business idea—like turning leftover ham into sustainable T‑shirts—you might retort, “Har durøykasokkadine?” meaning “have you been smoking your socks?” Such phrases illustrate the playful, sometimes baffling nature of Norwegian slang.

3 Medical Slang, British Hospitals

Within the NHS, doctors and nurses have cultivated a discreet shorthand to discuss patients whose injuries could have been avoided. This linguistic code helps staff convey frustration without sounding unprofessional. Acronyms like “UBI” (Unexplained Beer Injury) and “PAFO” (Pissed and Fell Over) pepper their conversations, offering a cheeky way to label common mishaps.

The most notorious of these terms is “NFN,” standing for “Normal for Norfolk.” The phrase alludes to a stereotype that rural Norfolk produces a surplus of inbred farm boys. As the fictional broadcaster Alan Partridge once quipped, “I’ve seen the big‑eared boys on farms,” the term has become a tongue‑in‑cheek jab at the region’s perceived lack of sophistication.

4 Quebecois/Joual, Canada

Many claim that to hear the true flavor of 14th‑century French, you must travel to Quebec. This isn’t an insult; the French spoken in francophone Canada retains many archaic elements, especially in its most colorful curses. These profanities are all rooted in religious terminology, reflecting the province’s deep Catholic heritage.

Words like “Tabarnak,” “Câlice,” and “Baptême” are derived from “tabernacle,” “chalice,” and “baptism,” respectively. When uttered outside a church, they become some of the strongest swear words in Quebec French—comparable to the English “F‑word” in intensity. Dropping any of these in Montreal can earn you a swift, painful reaction.

Beyond the heavy‑handed swearing, Quebecers also wield vivid expressions like “J’ai le feu au cul,” which translates to “I have fire in my ass.” While it’s a vivid way to describe anger, it’s best left unused unless you truly want to set the room ablaze.

5 Strine Slang, Australia

Down Under, the love for dangerous wildlife, brutal sports, and a distinctive accent that adds an “ee” to shortened words makes Australian slang instantly recognizable. A “tradie” refers to a tradesperson, a “stubbie” is a can of beer, and a “ute” is a utility vehicle—each term reflecting the country’s practical, no‑nonsense attitude.

Throw in a pack of “bickies” (biscuits), a visit to “macca’s” (McDonald’s), and a stop at the “bottle‑o” (liquor store), and you’ve painted a perfect picture of a laid‑back Aussie day. The language mirrors the lifestyle: straightforward, cheeky, and always ready for a good time.

Or, as the locals might say, “G’day, mate,” a greeting that encapsulates the friendly, informal vibe that defines Australian conversation.

6 Gyaru‑Go, Japan

When most people think of Harajuku, they envision flamboyant young women drenched in neon makeup and doll‑like outfits. While that style has faded from mainstream streets, a sub‑culture of “gyaru” girls clings to the early‑2000s aesthetic, preserving both fashion and the accompanying slang.

One standout term from this scene is “tapiru,” a verb formed from “tapioca.” It succinctly describes the act of purchasing and slurping a bubble‑tea drink—a ritual that has become a cultural staple across East Asia. The word fills a lexical gap that English lacks; there’s no single term for “to enjoy a frappuccino‑style drink” in the West.

So the next time you’re tempted by a sweet, chewy beverage, remember that “tapiru” captures the entire experience in one tidy, trendy verb. Take that, Starbucks.

7 Wenglish/Welsh, Wales

Welsh boasts a treasure trove of untranslatable words, with “hiraeth” perhaps the most famous, evoking a deep, wistful longing for a distant time or place. The hybrid Wenglish dialect adds its own flair, offering hyper‑specific terms that blend English and Welsh sensibilities.

While Welsh traditionally avoids outright swearing, its speakers get inventive, often targeting the subject’s mother’s weekend activities. One particularly vivid term is “cachgi bwm,” literally “sh*t‑dog a**hole,” used to describe a bumblebee—those tiny, stinging “devils” of the countryside. Likewise, the phrase “cont y môr” (pronounced “cont”) refers to a jellyfish, originating from a legend where a North‑Welsh swimmer shouted “Cont!” after being stung, only to be scolded for using a vulgar exclamation.

These colorful expressions showcase how Welsh speakers can turn everyday annoyances—like buzzing insects—into linguistic art, enriching the language with humor and regional character.

8 Polari, England

Polari emerged not from the streets of thieves but from a need to conceal one’s homosexual identity in early‑20th‑century Britain. This cant blends Italian, Cockney rhyming slang, Portuguese, Greek, Romani, and Yiddish, reflecting the multicultural tapestry of London’s East End at the time.

While words such as “naff,” “barney,” and “clobber” have seeped into mainstream English, “zhooshy” remains a hidden gem, meaning “showy” in a flamboyant, over‑the‑top way. Though Polari has largely faded, its influence lingers, and “zhooshy” stands as a testament to the vibrant subculture that birthed it.

Fantabulosa!

9 “Zef” Dialect, South Africa

Zef culture thrives on playful rebellion, a vibrant sub‑culture that mixes Afrikaans, English, and other African tongues into a tongue‑in‑cheek cant. It mirrors other global street cultures—like Russia’s “gopniks” or Britain’s “chavs”—yet retains a uniquely South African flavor, often celebrating excess and irony.

“Dwankie” perfectly illustrates this linguistic mash‑up, fusing “downie” (a derogatory nod to Down syndrome) with “wanker.” Though edgy, the term captures the essence of something that drains the fun from a situation. If a friend declines a party, you might say, “That’s dwankie,” or simply label the person themselves as “dwankie.”

The Zef scene, with its souped‑up cars, gold chains, and the off‑beat beats of Die Antwoord, provides the perfect backdrop for this expressive, boundary‑pushing slang.

10 Appalachian English, USA

Appalachian dialects are among the oldest living English varieties in the continental United States. They preserve a host of words that sound like their meanings, bypassing onomatopoeia. For instance, a “jag” denotes a tiny amount, a “gaum” describes a mess, and “foxfire” refers to any bioluminescent plant or animal life—a concise, poetic lexicon.

The term “sigogglin” (also “antigoglin”) describes a surface or structure that leans askew—think of a crooked cabinet or a muddy, uneven slope. It’s a compound of “side” and “goggling,” painting a vivid picture of something that’s just a bit off‑kilter. If you spot a wobbly shelf, you might remark, “That’s sigogglin, isn’t it?” and instantly tap into a rich linguistic heritage that continues to thrive alongside modern Southern American English.