Some approaches to Biblical archaeology can be controversial: Rather than analyzing material evidence in an objective way, many archaeologists involved in this field have been accused of “forcing” the evidence to fit predetermined notions derived from a desire to “confirm” the veracity of the Bible. Archaeologists cannot “prove” that the Bible is “true;” all they can do is to uncover and interpret materials the best they can. Many of the discoveries they make seem to be consistent with Biblical accounts.

10 The Biblical Flood

Many scholars have argued that the source of Biblical Flood story was most likely a great and destructive flood that affected the region of Mesopotamia. If so, then the proportions of such a flood were enhanced by the imagination of the authors of the story.

During the 1928–1929 excavation season in southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), British archaeologist Leonard Woolley uncovered 3 meters (10 ft) of waterborne sediment in the ancient city of Ur. Woolley interpreted this as evidence of the biblical flood. The layer was dated to 4000 to 3500 BC. Similar evidence has been found at many other sites in the region, but not all of them are consistent with the dates of the layer found by Woolley.

Flooding in the Mesopotamian river basin was a frequent phenomenon. Although there is no archaeological evidence in favor of a flood of planetary proportions, there is general support for a catastrophic flood (or several) in Mesopotamia during the dawn of history. These floods could well be the inspiration for the many flood stories in the Mesopotamian tradition and also the Biblical Flood.

9 Abraham’s Genealogy

Abraham’s story begins with him and his family living in the Mesopotamian city of Ur, where he begins his journey to Canaan. In the second half of Genesis 11, we have a detailed account of Abraham’s family tree, mentioning dozens of names. During excavations at Mari, an ancient city on the Euphrates in present-day Syria, an impressive royal palace was discovered, which yielded thousands of inscribed tablets that were once part of a proud royal archive.

Modern estimations on Abraham’s chronology fall somewhere between 2000 and 1500 BC: The archive found at Mari was in use from around 2300 to 1760 BC, and the names on these tablets show that the names in Abraham’s genealogy were in use in this area during this time. This find does not confirm the validity of Abraham’s family tree, but it suggests that the story might not have been a purely fictional creation.

8 Abraham’s Handmaiden

Genesis 16 tells us that Abraham’s wife, Sarai, could not bear children. She agreed that Abraham could take a second wife to beget a son: their Egyptian handmaiden named Hagar. This practice is attested to in many texts found by archaeologists. The Alalakh Texts (18th century BC) and even the Code of Hammurabi all agree that procuring a son in this way was an accepted custom.

The Nuzi Tablets are a group of texts particularly relevant to this episode. Dated to the second half of the 15th century BC, they were retrieved from an ancient Hurrian site in present-day Iraq. These texts mention that a sterile wife could provide a slave girl to her husband in order to beget a son. In ancient times, infertility was almost always attributed to sterile women; ancient sources rarely blame the man when it comes to this issue.

7 City Of Sodom

Genesis 19 describes the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah as a result of the deviant behavior and sins of their inhabitants. A group of archaeologists believes they’ve uncovered the ruins of the ancient city of Sodom, located in Tall el Hammam, east of the Jordan river. The dates of the site are consistent with the early historical period of the Bible. The city is estimated to have been occupied between 3500 and 1540 BC.

The site is considerably larger compared to other sites in the region. Its location isn’t the only reason why it seems to be the ancient city of Sodom. Archaeologists believe that the city was abandoned suddenly toward the end of the Middle Bronze Age, which fits the Biblical picture of Sodom being suddenly destroyed.

6 Ketef Hinnom Amulets

The Ketef Hinnom site is composed of a series of rock-hewn burial chambers, located southwest of Jerusalem’s Old City, on the road to Bethlehem. In 1979, archaeologists made an important discovery: two silver plates rolled together with text written on them in Old Hebrew. These items are believed to have been used as amulets and were dated to the seventh century BC.

The texts on these amulets are a passage of the Hebrew Bible, Numbers 6: 24-26. This is an important passage of the Book of Numbers known as the Priestly Benediction:

The LORD bless you and keep you; the LORD make his face shine upon you and be gracious to you; the LORD turn His face toward you and give you peace.

The inscriptions on the Ketef Hinnom Amulets, now displayed at the Israel Museum, are considered the oldest Biblical text yet discovered.

5 Deir ‘Alla Inscription

During the Exodus, the Israelites passed through the Sinai Peninsula into Transjordania and came in touch with the kingdoms of Edom and Moab. In Numbers 22, there is an account where the king of Moab, distressed by the presence of the Israelites, requests a prophet named Balaam to curse the people of Israel.

About 8 kilometers (5 mi) from the Jordan river, a late sanctuary dated to the Bronze Age was excavated. This site is known as Deir ‘Alla. An ancient Aramaic inscription has been retrieved from the site, containing the prophetic curse of Balaam.

The inscription describes a divine vision anticipating the destruction and punishment of the “Malevolent Gods.” It also employs the expression “Shaddai gods,” which resembles the Biblical El Shaddai, “God Almighty.” The title mentioned in the text reads, “The misfortunes of the Book of Balaam, son of Beor.”

4 Samaritan Captivity

Samaria fell to the Assyrians in 722 BC. Assyrian records claim that King Sargon II captured 27,290 prisoners and took them into exile to different locations, including Halah and Habor and other places under Assyrian control.

This account is confirmed in 2 Kings 17.6 and further supported by material evidence. At these Mesopotamian sites, archaeologists have unearthed examples of ostraca (pottery fragments with writing on their surface) listing Israelite names.

3 Assyrian Invasion

In 701 BC, the Assyrian king Sennacherib invaded Judah. Many cities fell to the invading army, including the southern city of Lachish mentioned in 2 Kings 18.13-17. After a siege, the city was captured by the Assyrians, and several archaeological finds are consistent with this event.

At the site of Lachish, archaeologists have uncovered arrowheads, a siege ramp, a counter-ramp, the crest of a helmet, and a chain used by the defenders against the siege ram. At the site of the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh (northern Iraq), a relief sculpture depicting the capture of Lachish was retrieved from the palace of Sennacherib and is currently displayed in the British Museum.

2 End Of The Babylonian Exile

When the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great captured Babylon in 539 BC, he ordered the liberation of the Jews and other groups who remained in captivity. This historical episode is described in the Book of Ezra, and there are other historical documents consistent with Cyrus’s policy to allow many inhabitants of Babylon to return to their homeland.

One of the most famous of these documents is the Cyrus Cylinder, a small clay cylinder written in cuneiform script dated to the conquest of Cyrus, currently displayed at the British Museum. One of its passages reads:

I returned the images of the gods, who had resided there, to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes. I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings.

Other documents retrieved by archaeologists also contain many Jewish names from those families who chose to remain in Mesopotamia after they were set free. The Murashu texts, for example, list roughly 100 Jewish names who prospered in Mesopotamia shortly after the time of Cyrus.

1 Herod’s Palace

Traces of the ambitious building projects driven by Herod the Great have been found all over Palestine. The suspected remains of King Herod’s palace have been discovered during the excavation of an abandoned building in Jerusalem’s Old City, not far from the Tower of David Museum.

The significance of this find is that some archaeologists believe this was the setting of one of the most important chapters of the gospels. It is where the trial of Jesus took place and where the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate sentenced Jesus to death.

Scientists are constantly making new discoveries about ancient tombs and monuments, usually to the effect of what they were used for. Some of those discoveries, however, involve secret passageways that hide secrets about the ancient world. Here are ten hidden passages that were found beneath ancient monuments and heritage sites you never knew existed!

Related: Top 10 Jaw-Dropping Hidden Spaces In Paris

10 Tunnel in the Great Pyramid of Giza

Most people are aware that the pyramids are home to networks of tunnels that take you between the various chambers. However, that’ s not to say that all the tunnels have been discovered or even that scientists know what they were all used for.

One of the more recent underground tunnel discoveries relating to the ancient world was an underground tunnel found not inside but underneath the Great Pyramid of Giza. The tunnel was discovered in March 2023 and is about 30 feet (9 meters) long. It sits close to the main entrance of the pyramid and was picked up using ultrasonic and radar testing.

As of now, scientists still aren’t sure what the tunnel was used for. However, one theory is that it may have been built to help distribute the weight of the pyramid more evenly. More testing will be needed to see if they can solve the mystery.^[1]

9 Teotihuacan

The Great Pyramid of Giza isn’t the only pyramid with a hidden tunnel beneath it. Another pyramid that holds secrets buried deep underground is Teotihuacan’s Pyramid of the Moon.

This pyramid is thought to mirror the great monuments of Teotuhuacan and perhaps represent the underworld. The tunnel is about 33 feet (10 meters) deep and runs from the Plaza de La Luna, the square near the pyramid, to below the pyramid itself.

Although scientists still aren’t sure what the tunnel was used for, they do know that the Pyramid of the Moon was a temple where human sacrifice was performed. So perhaps the tunnel had a similar sinister purpose. It will take more digging and testing to find out for sure.^[2]

8 Talatal Ghar

Talatal Ghar is an old military base and palace dating back to the 18th century. It’s located near Assam, India, and was built during the Ahom period in the country.

At first glance, Talatal Ghar is just another army base and 18th-century palace. However, looking a little closer, you’ll quickly unearth the base’s secrets. You see, Talatal Ghar has two secret tunnels that are built around three stories underground.

One tunnel is nearly 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) long, while the other tunnel is almost 10 miles (16 kilometers) in length. The shorter tunnel connects Talatal Ghar to the Dhikow River, while the longer tunnel leads to the nearby Garhgaon Palace.

Unlike some of the other secret tunnels hidden beneath historical sites, scientists actually know the purposes of these passages. The Ahom period was a period of war, and as a result, these tunnels were used as escape routes from the palace during the Ahom wars.^[3]

7 Chand Baori

Another Indian heritage site that’s home to secret tunnels is Chand Baori. Chand Baori is a stepwell, or a well or pond with a series of steps leading down to the water, located in the state of Rajasthan.

This type of stepwell was actually pretty common throughout India and was used as a place to gather water, cool down on hot summer days, or hold religious rituals. Many stepwells were built near forts and palaces to make them easy for people to access. The stepwells were popular from around the 7th century until the 18th century.

What’s really interesting about these stepwells, however, is that there was often more to them than meets the eye. Many of them actually provided secret access to an underground tunnel network throughout the Rajasthan state, used to serve as a transportation system in case of an emergency.

Chand Baori is one of these stepwells and grants access to the tunnel network, which extends to various other local monuments and heritage sites, including Amber Fort.

Despite all the intrigue of the stepwell tunnels, there’s some debate as to whether they really do date back to the 8th century. Some historians argue that these may have been built more recently, in the 20th century, in order to draw tourists to the area. It’s up to you to decide which story you believe.^[4]

6 The Colosseum

The Colosseum draws thousands of visitors each year, providing a glimpse into ancient Roman culture and some of their more brutal customs and traditions. While tourists have long been free to wander through the Colosseum and get a feel for what it might have been like to watch a game in this ancient monument, they haven’t always been able to go beneath the Colosseum.

The Colosseum had a network of tunnels and passageways hidden underground where gladiators would prepare for their fights. These passengers were invisible to spectators and have remained invisible to tourists for a long time as well.

In 2021, however, several of these hidden underground passageways were restored, making it possible for tourists and scientists alike to learn more about them. So perhaps it’s time to plan a trip to Rome to explore some of the ancient world’s hidden passageways.^[5]

5 Manzana de las Luces

Manzana de las Luces is an old Jesuit religious complex that sits in San Telma, Argentina. The complex was built in the late 1500s and was part of a mission to promote Christianity in the New World.

Despite their lofty mission, the Jesuits weren’t welcome in Argentina, with indigenous groups threatening them with armed conflict. To protect themselves, the Jesuits at the Mazana de las Luces mission began to create a network of tunnels beneath the church that extended out to other churches around the city. The idea was to give them an escape plan in the event that the natives launched a serious attack.

Interestingly enough, these tunnels were never properly documented, making it challenging for scientists to uncover the true extent or purpose of the tunnels. The tunnels were originally found in the 1900s during a construction project, and other tunnels suspected to have been part of the network have been found over the years during other construction projects.

Sadly, many of these tunnels have since been lost to time. However, tourists can still check out a short section directly under the Manzana de las Luces mission.^[6]

4 Chauvin de Huantar

Chavin de Huantar is an ancient archaeological site located in the highlands of Peru. It is believed to have been built by the Chavin culture, which flourished between 900 BC and 200 BC. The site is known for its impressive architectural features, including a complex network of underground tunnels that were used for ceremonial purposes.

The hidden tunnels of Chavin de Huantar are an important part of the site’s history and significance. The tunnels were built using sophisticated engineering techniques and were designed to channel water and connect different parts of the site. They also played a role in the religious practices of the Chavin culture, as they were used for ceremonies and possibly as a way to communicate with the gods.

The passageways were discovered in the 1940s by Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello. Since then, they have been extensively studied and explored by archaeologists and other experts. Today, Chavin de Huantar is considered one of Peru’s most important archaeological sites and a popular tourist destination. Visitors can explore the underground tunnels and other architectural features of the site, including the Temple of Chavin, a massive stone structure decorated with intricate carvings and sculptures.^[7]

3 Red Fort

The Red Fort is a Mughal Empire-era fort that sits in the Old City in Delhi, India. This fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site and attracts many visitors each year looking to learn a bit more about the country’s history.

Recently, however, scientists discovered that there was a secret hiding beneath the Red Fort. The tunnel, which connects to the Delhi Legislative Assembly, was discovered in 2021. It seems to have once been a tunnel used by the British to move freedom fighters around the city. Still, the exact history and purpose are up for much debate, and historians haven’t been able to find detailed records about it.

What’s more, much of the tunnel has been destroyed in recent years. Thanks to the construction of the Delhi Metro and sewer system, the full tunnel no longer remains intact. Despite this, Delhi officials have hopes of restoring at least a small section of the tunnel and making it available to the public to check out.^[8]

2 Taposiris Magna

The Taposiris Magna is an ancient Egyptian city that sits outside modern-day Alexandria. This ancient city is home to ruins, temples, and unique historical sites. However, it’s also home to a recently discovered network of tunnels that sits below one of the temples in the village.

The tunnel network is more than 13,770 feet (4,200 meters) long and is about 6.5 feet (2 meters) tall. The tunnel is hidden about 65 feet (20 meters) underground and seems to be an exact replica of the Eupalinos Tunnel in Samos, Greece, which was used to move water.

This is most likely due to the fact that the tunnel dates back to the Ptolemaic period when Egypt was ruled by Greece. Scientists are still excavating at the tunnel to learn more about it, but as of now, it’s also thought to have been built to move water around the ancient city.^[9]

1 Royal Palace of Naples

The Royal Palace is a palace in Naples, Italy, that was owned by Ferdinand II of Bourbon during the 18th century. However, beyond the riches and treasures hidden within the castle’s walls are far more secrets beneath the Palazzo itself.

You see, beneath the palace lies a network of tunnels built by King Ferdinand II in the 1800s due to fear of a revolutionary uprising. The tunnels are huge, designed to fit military troops and horses and lead them from the barracks to the Royal Palace.

Interestingly enough, the tunnels are home to much more modern artifacts than you might think based on when they were built. During World War II, they were used as bomb shelters as well as a place to smuggle contraband vehicles before they were closed off in the 1950s. As a result, many of the artifacts within the tunnels date back to this more modern period.

The tunnels were rediscovered by accident when scientists conducted seismic testing on the area. Today, the tunnels can be visited by tourists, often as part of a tour of the Royal Palace of Naples.^[10]