Today’s pets are often taken care of with the same level of involvement that people once reserved for their children or grandchildren. We fuss over diet, activity, training, and health care for our pets to make sure that they have the best lives possible. This is the movement that has led to many referring to themselves as pet parents,^[1] rather than pet owners. Experts suggest that the root of this change is twofold. Young adults are having fewer children, while aging baby boomers are becoming empty-nesters. Both groups are filling the void where children would be with new pets.

But the drive for better pet health care has brought an issue to light that was previously unknown to the population at large: Pets need mental health care. Our animals, be they mammal or otherwise, can suffer from myriad mental illnesses and disorders just like we do. Pets also take medication, have therapy, and recover just like we do. As more of us are realizing how important it is to treat our pets’ mental health, it is more important than ever to ask what is causing the distress in the first place. Between our hectic lives and loud modern environment, we may be more responsible than we’d like to admit.

10 Pica

Most dog owners have a hilarious story about how their dog chewed up something important, like homework, or infeasible, like a chunk of drywall, and many cat owners know that it’s impossible for their feline companion to resist a nibble of any plastic bag left out for even one second. What people don’t tend to realize is the extreme cost of this behavior, in both actual money and danger to pets. When an animal eats something that isn’t food, it’s called pica. In cats, it is sometimes known as wool-sucking behavior due to a habit that Oriental breeds and too-early-weaned cats have of nursing on anything soft and fuzzy, usually wool. In dogs, it’s often known as eating your homework.

Regardless of the terminology, pica can range from a minor inconvenience to a life-threatening disorder. Despite the wild tales of garbage-eating dogs and yarn-slurping cats, a small mammal’s digestive tract isn’t that ironclad. Cats especially suffer from obstructions when they eat random objects off of the floor, and the procedures to fix it can set owners back several thousand dollars. And the surgery to remove a hairpin or slipper from a treasured pet’s intestines won’t fix the behavior, so owners might find themselves right back at the emergency vet’s as soon as the pet has healed if they don’t seek mental health treatment. When pica is caused by a nutritional deficiency or dental problem, it is fairly easy to treat. However, pica is often due to boredom or separation anxiety. When this is the case, it can be harder to treat, but more time and play can sometimes solve it. But some pets eat nonfood items compulsively,^[2] and that can often only be treated by locking the items away and cleaning a little more obsessively.

9 Binge Eating

It’s difficult to know if our animal companions suffer from eating disorders as we do, since we can’t easily confirm the mental and emotional drive behind a pet’s eating habits. What we can know is that some animals eat rarely, such as when a pig suffers from thin sow syndrome, and some eat to excess, such as dogs that can eat 16 percent of their body weight per feeding if allowed.^[3] Cats and dogs can suffer from overeating and binge eating, but the problem extends to even more exotic animals. Binge eating in humans is sometimes studied by attempting to recreate the disordered behaviors in rats and mice, with reasonable success. Most animals want to eat and will stuff themselves if allowed. Veterinarians warn about the dangers of overeating in virtually all small pets, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, rodents, rabbits, and hedgehogs.

But many people, professionals and laymen alike, note that you rarely see an overweight animal in the wild. Animals without enough excitement in their lives will often fall back on food for their entertainment, and food-seeking behavior is a necessary adaptation for animals that would have to catch their own meals in the wild. Cats left to their own devices, like those kept on farms, tend to keep themselves busy chasing prey. So treatment for binge eating in pets tends to focus on more exercise, more entertainment, and less food. The last item tends to be the hardest for many owners. When our cute dogs and cats beg for food, it’s hard to deny them. We don’t call them puppy dog eyes for nothing. But professionals suggest diverting a pet’s attention to some kind of activity instead. A bored pet will often literally jump at the chance to play and forget all about the treats.

8 Trichotillomania

Hairballs are a common problem for those who keep cats. Grooming is important for felines, and a lot of fur can end up swallowed in the process. Hairballs are normal, though, and cats that produce them are rarely in any danger. It’s only when a pet starts to groom so obsessively that their fur becomes patchy and their skin irritated that owners should worry. Trichotillomania, “trich” for short, is a compulsive disorder that causes sufferers to pluck their hair uncontrollably and for non-cosmetic reasons. In animals, this is often called over-grooming, and it is most often a response to stress. For most mammals, dogs and cats included, grooming behaviors release calming endorphins.^[4] Many a human has a bath bomb collection for the same reason. Obsessive grooming, like trich, is a calming habit that becomes too much. In some extreme cases, a pet may leave themselves virtually bald by over-grooming.

In cats and dogs, licking tends to happen in places that are easily reached. This can be paws but is more often a place that is harder to spot, like the thighs and underbelly. In rodents, trich is known as barbering and results in bald patches, nibbled whiskers, and irritation both physical and mental. Dominant mice will groom submissive mice normally, but the submissive mice get the worst of it when the dominant mouse experiences extreme stress. Often, a group of healthy mice will be shipped somewhere and arrive with all but one or two balding and annoyed. Even hairless creatures, like birds, exhibit feather-destructive behaviors. No one knows why a bird starts to pluck itself, if the behavior exists in the wild, or how to fix it. Even well-enriched birds in an ideal environment will develop trich. This is true of humans as well and may hint at genetic origins. For many, helping with trich is a matter of adjusting the environment until the behavior calms down and hoping that it goes away and stays away.

7 Autism

Autism spectrum disorder is not so often considered an illness anymore. Many consider autism to be a perfectly normal facet of human psychology that is misconstrued to be a disorder, while others contend that the difficulties faced by autistic individuals justify the disorder classification. Outside of this hotly contested point, the question that some animal researchers have is whether or not dogs can be said to have autism. When a dog whips around in circles to chase its tail, it’s adorable. However, it’s also a repetitive behavior that resembles the spinning and other repetitive motions that autistic people exhibit. And not all dogs chase their tails. It’s linked to certain breeds and certain genetic lines, particularly Bull Terriers, which are the go-to breed for exploring possible canine autism.^[5]

This breed is known for its quirky behaviors, including obsessive tail-chasing, chewing, and playing. They also have more breed-specific oddities. “Trancing” occurs when the dogs come to a slow-motion stop in the midst of play to stare off into the middle distance. “Ghost-walking” or “moon-walking” is a sort of gliding motion that they take on when sneaking under shrubbery. And Bull Terrier lovers affectionately refer to a particular gait where the butt is tucked under and the dog wildly runs as “Hucklebutting.” Obsessive tail-chasing seems to be the best marker to follow when determining whether or not a Bull Terrier may exhibit autism-like traits. Tail-chasing disproportionately affects males and is correlated with partial seizures, skin conditions, gastrointestinal issues, and fixations. As far as behavior goes, this subset tends to be less social with other dogs and humans as well.

Nicholas Dodman, a veterinary behaviorist at Tufts University, has studied children with autism alongside Bull Terriers to determine whether or not this theory holds water. Two blood chemicals associated with autism, neurotensin and corticotropin-releasing hormone, were tested between children with autism, Bull Terriers, and a control group. The chemicals were higher in both the children and dogs, lending a little more weight to the study of autism in animals. Researchers like Dodman are hoping that research into canine autism can help give insight into human autism.

6 Depression

Unlike many other disorders, depression is fairly well-documented in nonhuman animals. Those that have been scientifically shown to suffer depression are nonhuman primates and rats, most likely because these are common test subjects and are observed very regularly. However, many zoo animals show signs of the illness, like lethargy, compulsive behaviors, disrupted appetite, lack of sexual interest, and self-harm. And many veterinarians will prescribe antidepressant medication for dogs that show similar symptoms. But vets are also clear that we don’t really know if our animal companions suffer from depression in the same ways that we do, because we can’t ask them to describe their experience. We can only observe our pets and make our best guesses.

The first course of action for a depressed pet is to eliminate the possibility of an underlying medical condition.^[6] Both depression and physical illnesses can cause unhappiness, withdrawal from social interaction, and other odd behaviors. Once a physical problem is ruled out, a vet may prescribe medication for a cat or dog depending on the duration and severity of the depression. Professionals will also make inquiries about the pet’s environment and events that have recently taken place. The death of a companion is a common cause of depression in dogs. But it is unusual for a dog’s depression to be chronic, so most treatment is focused on alleviating the harmful symptoms until the issue resolves itself. For cats, depression isn’t so much of a concern. Vets agree that cats are much less likely to suffer depression than dogs. A cat’s difficulties in life are much more likely to result in anxiety.

5 Anxiety

Stress is a normal reaction for animals when their environment becomes dangerous. When food is uncertain, noise levels are too high to hear predators approaching, or one finds themselves trapped in a small box, stress tells animals that it’s time to act. These responses can be triggered in a pet’s domestic life. Vacuums, strangers, and missing human companions can make a pet stressed, but some pets will experience far more stress than others. Ultimately, it is the habit of anticipating fear and stress that makes anxiety, which is suspected to be the underlying cause of many mental health concerns in animals. For cats, that means trembling, hiding, aggression, loud vocalizations, and an aversion to the litter box.^[7] For dogs, it’s usually about the same. In birds, signs can include self-mutilation and stress bars appearing near the base of feathers. In rodents, handling anxiety is a well-documented problem that often skews scientific study.

As with many pet mental disorders, a vet will first rule out physical concerns. This prevents unnecessary treatments and, more importantly, catches anything serious early. Once that’s ruled out, a vet will work with the family to find out what is causing the stress and anxiety. If the stressful situation can be avoided entirely, that could solve the problem. That isn’t always possible. Vacuums have to run, vets have to be visited, and various things will happen outside the window that will upset and fascinate our pets. The next option is to train and condition the pet to be less fearful. This can involve training the pet to stay focused on their human, incremental exposure therapy, or using other methods to calm the pet. When a pet can remain calm during a stressful event, they can start to break the negative association. Sometimes, medication will be used to achieve that calm, but other products, like a thundershirt (a vest that makes the animal feel more secure), can help to break the cycle of anxiety.

4 Sleep Disorders

Both cats and dogs can suffer from a few different sleep disorders. Narcolepsy can cause pets to collapse into a deep sleep, sleep apnea can destroy sleep quality and collapse airways, and REM behavior disorder can cause dogs to get up and run into walls in their sleep. Some fear that their pet suffers from night terrors, but this is most often a misidentified seizure disorder. Insomnia is by far the more debatable sleep disorder in pets than in humans. Cat owners often describe their cats as insomniacs, but this often stems from a misunderstanding of the cat sleep cycle. Cats are crepuscular, meaning that they are most active around sunset and sunrise. Some owners think that their cat should sleep at night and become concerned when that doesn’t happen, while others think that cats are nocturnal and fret over how much nighttime sleep their feline gets. In dogs, insomnia is rare but does occur. Both cats and dogs can benefit from getting more activity during the day and can be trained to calm down near bedtime. Insomnia is a bigger concern in older pets. If cognitive dysfunction affects an aging cat or dog, insomnia often develops, along with several other mental illnesses like depression and anxiety.

For smaller and more exotic pets, the issue is more complex. Research suggests that sleep tied to light cycles, or circadian sleep, may go back in evolution to fish. When zebrafish were altered to cause narcolepsy, the fish developed nighttime insomnia instead. But the fish only engaged in napping when left in a dark room, suggesting that light exposure affects them strongly. It’s thought that true sleep, which cycles through different levels of brain activity throughout, developed in a common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals that lived 300 million years ago.

Treatment of sleep disorders varies.^[8] Narcolepsy is incurable but manageable. Sleep apnea may require surgery to fix an obstructed airway. Melatonin, acupuncture, and herbal medicines can help with insomnia, but vets will also sometimes prescribe a special diet high in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. In older pets experiencing cognitive dysfunction, that will be treated in the hopes that other issues clear up along the way.

3 Alzheimer’s Disease

While aging can contribute to many other mental illnesses in pets, it can also bring its own specific concerns. Many pet owners will shrug off their companion’s strange behavior, especially as the animal ages, but sudden changes are a serious matter for older pets. It is normal for pets to slow down as they age and lose their sight or hearing. However, their mental capacity should not decline significantly. This can signal that a pet has cognitive dysfunction syndrome, or CDS, the sort of dementia that is particular to cats and dogs and which closely resembles Alzheimer’s in humans.^[9] Pets with this disorder may forget well-established routines, wander aimlessly and restlessly, become aggressive, or get lost easily. They may also forget people that they have lived with their whole lives and react as if those people are strangers.

What is extraordinary about CDS in cats and dogs is that Alzheimer’s-like diseases don’t appear in many animals. Scientists have long been frustrated by the lack of dementia symptoms in rodents and nonhuman primates. Researchers think this suggests that cognitive impairment may be a side effect of the long lives that our pets now experience. Since our animals enjoy better diets, environments, and medical care, they often live as long as they possibly can. Wild animals tend to be picked off quickly when they experience even minor impairments, such as bad hips or teeth. Any wild primate or rodent that did develop dementia would likely die before anyone took notice. One animal that may suffer dementia symptoms along with cats, dogs, and humans is the horse. Later in life, many horses begin to show the signs, but the MRI that could confirm the condition is expensive, and the anesthesia is dangerous to the horse. Many owners don’t want to go through the expense or risk their beloved horse for research purposes.

Treatment for CDS is focused on slowing the progression with diet and exercise. The supplement SAM-e is often prescribed in humans and animals for cognitive degeneration. It is also prescribed for managing pain, healing spinal cord damage, and to treat osteoporosis. Specially formulated diets that include antioxidants and fatty acids can help pets’ bodies fight off the onset. Similar to humans with early-stage Alzheimer’s, vets suggest that pets suffering from CDS get more mental stimulation and exercise. Whatever the treatment plan may be, it needs to be started early. Some pets will have a rapid onset and will lose much of their memory and function before their owners take notice of the problem.

2 OCD

Obsessive-compulsive disorder tends to be oversimplified in casual conversation. If someone likes things a certain way or cleans a little more than usual, people may label them as “OCD.” Cats also get this reputation for their meticulous bathing habits and finicky preferences. But, just as with people, OCD has much more to do with obsessions and compulsions than with quirkiness. In fact, OCD sometimes expresses itself in a way that makes things less neat and clean. For cats, it often leads to illnesses like trich and pica that are anything but tidy. OCD cats may also engage in loud, repetitive yowling and pacing. They may also rip apart our furniture and stop using their litter box. In dogs, the symptoms are much the same. But, like autism, some dog breeds are more prone to OCD than others. About 28 percent of US Dobermans have the disorder, and a study of their brains has shown similarities with brain scans of humans with OCD.^[10]

Treatment for OCD pets is like most mental health treatment. Vets first rule out other causes and then look closely at the behavior and environment it takes place in. OCD involves training humans as much as it does pets. Many owners will attempt to punish the behaviors, which increases the anxiety at the heart of the disorder and may make things worse. A hostile or unpredictable environment will make a pet more anxious. Confinement is a bad idea as well, since pets with OCD often get worked up when they feel trapped. Paradoxically, attention, treats, and play during an episode will also reinforce the behavior. The best approach is to remain calm, remove anything harmful to the pet, and observe covertly. Owners can often find the best way to help their pet just by watching and taking in the episode without reacting. Careful observation can often help people realize what it is that their pet needs to feel more comfortable and calm.

1 PTSD

Service pets are often recommended for people who suffer from PTSD and can be a huge help in their recovery. PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder, is a response to a traumatic event in which serious harm was threatened or sustained by an individual. It features panic attacks, flashbacks, and other anxiety symptoms. Some people will go through terrible events and emerge unscathed, while others may go through a relatively minor event and come out with PTSD. There’s nothing unusual about this; it simply has to do with the way each individual processes stress. For pets, it is the same. Cats and dogs can develop PTSD from being abandoned at a shelter or during massive natural disasters. Dogs in particular often get it after military or police service.^[11] These dogs are often introduced to stimuli like gunfire and explosions in a controlled training environment, but the difference between training and reality is vast.

PTSD or similar disorders appear throughout the animal kingdom. Abandoned birds, especially parrots, show signs of the disorder. They pace, repeat haunting phrases, and call for missing family members. These birds are sometimes employed to give company and comfort to people who suffer PTSD. Rats have been exposed to traumatic events in laboratories to produce PTSD-like symptoms so that the disorder can be studied more thoroughly. Those with PTSD-like symptoms perform tasks more poorly than their more resilient or less traumatized peers, even after time has passed since the original event.

To help pets with PTSD, it is necessary to seek the help of a professional. Therapy is invaluable for helping pets learn to process their trauma and training them to respond to it appropriately. A tricyclic anti-depressant is often prescribed to ease distress, but it is also critical to give pets with PTSD a safe, secluded retreat where they can rest without worry. Play and attention are good passive therapies, but only if owners can keep calm and patient with their pet. Any anger or scolding can cause massive setbacks. However, with patience and therapy, pets tend to recover from PTSD well.

Renee is an Atlanta-based graphic designer and writer.

Hollywood loves mental disorders, which provide plenty of material for intriguing or outlandish character traits. Unfortunately, Hollywood doesn’t love depicting mental disorders accurately, since that seldom makes for an interesting or uplifting movie. Instead, Hollywood disorders usually draw from a loose collection of stereotypes, creating an inaccurate popular perception of many harrowing mental problems.

10The Difference Between OCD And OCPD

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has firmly cemented its place in popular culture thanks to the hit TV show Monk. The lead character, Adrian Monk, is a brilliant detective whose OCD spirals out of control following the tragic loss of his wife. As a result, Monk goes to extreme lengths to make everything in his life perfect. Not a single button out of place or hair where it shouldn’t be escapes his attention, usually resulting in some sort of humorous escapade. It’s exactly the sort of behavior that people associate with the disorder, leading to the usual casual jokes about how “OCD” people are because they keep their house tidy or don’t like the peas and carrots to touch on their plate.

But in reality, people are usually confusing two very distinct disorders. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is characterized by an extreme need for neatness, along with an anal attitude about almost everything. People with OCPD are often extremely neurotic, which fits Monk to a tee. However, just because you don’t like your vegetables touching doesn’t mean you have OCPD. You are only diagnosed with the disorder if it severely affects the functioning of your daily life.

Obsessive compulsive disorder, on the other hand, is usually characterized by obsessive thought patterns, usually in the form of unpleasant thoughts that repeatedly enter the mind for no apparent reason. Another symptom is repeated strange behaviors or ticks, sometimes performed to block out the unwanted thoughts. Interestingly, people with OCD are usually aware that their thoughts are bizarre and unreasonable, while people with OCPD often refuse to acknowledge that they have a disorder at all.

9How To Treat A Seizure

When someone has a seizure in popular culture, the response usually involves holding the person down and putting something in their mouth so that they don’t bite or swallow their tongue. This common trope is more than just a silly myth—it’s bad advice that could actually get someone injured or killed. First of all, it is completely impossible to “swallow your tongue.” Biting your tongue is a real worry, but it’s very unlikely to do irreparable damage. Meanwhile, trying to force something into the mouth of a seizure sufferer can result in choking or damaged teeth. In fact, it’s not impossible that forcing a hard object into a seizing person’s mouth will result in them chipping or dislodging a tooth and then choking on that tooth when it falls into their throat. Finally, messing around with a seizing person’s mouth is a great way to get your fingers bitten.

Additionally, trying to hold a seizing person down to “keep them from hurting themselves” is more likely to end up hurting them or you. The correct response is actually to remove any sharp or hard objects and see if there’s anything you can use as cushioning to prevent them from injuring their head. If possible, you should also try and get them on their side. What you shouldn’t do is shove an object into their mouth and then hold them down as hard as you can—that’s just Hollywood artistic license to increase the intensity of emotional scenes.

8Bipolar People Are Powder Kegs About To Go Off

This myth has become so widespread that it permeates almost all popular culture and frequently bleeds into real life, ensuring that many people simply have no understanding of what bipolar disorder actually is. The term is often used to describe someone who seems to fly into a rage at the drop of a hat, but this is completely inaccurate. That person may not be getting enough sleep, they may be stressed, have drunk too much or too little coffee, or maybe they genuinely have some sort of behavioral disorder, but having a short fuse has nothing to do with being bipolar.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is characterized by extreme highs and lows. But even with the rarer version of the disorder that causes you to move quickly between the two extremes, it’s unheard of for them to change back and forth in the same day. In fact, the current definition of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder suggests the patient might experience four or more episodes of depression or mania over an entire year. Furthermore, neither of those states are likely to put someone into a towering rage. Instead, the depressive state is basically depression (and is often confused as such, making diagnosis difficult), while the manic state consists of periods of elevated mood, increased risk-taking behavior, and increased energy. Someone suffering from bipolar disorder can actually sometimes be going through both at the same time, which is known as a “mixed episode.” So if your boss tends to shout at you for no reason, they might be a jerk, but they probably aren’t bipolar.

7Violating Doctor-Patient Confidentiality

Hollywood loves to play fast and loose with the rules around doctor-patient confidentiality. In order to provide a hint of drama, a movie therapist will often refuse to share client information, at least initially, even if it’s the crucial clue required for the cops/band of plucky kids/wisecracking cat detective to save the day from their out-of-control patient.

In reality, the rules around doctor-patient confidentiality are clear and not particularly complex. Like any medical records, mental health information is extremely sensitive and therapists are not at liberty to share it, even with well-meaning friends or relations. The exception is if the mental health practitioner believes their patient might cause serious harm to themselves or others. In that case, they have a legal right and obligation to relay the information to someone who has the ability to do something about it. In some cases, this might involve a therapist telling a parent their child’s suicidal tendencies. In others, it might mean providing information to the law about a patient likely to harm others.

Where TV and movies gets it wrong is in depicting therapists as reluctant to disclose such crucial information, forcing the cops to lean on them to get access to their files. In fact, breaching confidentiality in a situation where there’s the slightest chance someone may be harmed is the farthest thing from a risky career move. Instead, current laws provide thorough protection for mental health professionals who wish to invoke that exception. As such, it is unlikely that the trope of the brave psychiatrist risking their career to share information is anything like reality. In truth, doctors know that the law will always back them up if they do have a moral need to violate confidentiality.

6The Character Who Ends Up Cured

In fiction, this myth stems from an understandable desire on the part of the writer and the director to provide some positive resolution and leave audiences satisfied. This leads to movies constantly going for the easy way out, where the character has some final revelation that makes them realize how they can live a normal life. Then they have some romantic reconciliation and everyone lives happily ever after.

Sadly, this is pretty much the opposite of how things work in real life. Most serious mental disorders can’t be fully cured, and even those that can require a lot of time and patience to deal with. Someone may indeed have a helpful revelation, but the movies don’t show the years of hard work after that in order to cope with the disorder: the trips to multiple different doctors, the trial and error of different medications, and the painful struggle to repair relationships and rebuild a normal life. Of course, a movie doesn’t have to end on a depressing note to be realistic. Showing that someone is on the way to recovery and has a strong support structure would be a grounded and positive way to bring a story to a conclusion.

5Autistic People Are Either Savants Or Totally Helpless

Movies like Rain Man and Mercury Rising have popularized the idea of an autistic person with advanced math skills or other abilities beyond normal human functioning. Hollywood also frequently features autistic people who are completely incapable of caring for themselves, but very little in between. Apart from Asperger’s syndrome, which is becoming better known, autism has many widely different forms stretching across a scale known as the autism spectrum. As a result, researchers who have studied common stereotypes of autism have found they usually don’t fit well with the reality of the issue.

In fact, savant-like skills are extremely rare among autistic people and their portrayal in Hollywood movies can create unrealistic expectations. One father of an autistic child observed that he often found himself having to tell people that his son was “just” autistic, causing people to respond as if his kid “is doubly challenged.” Yet, as far as Hollywood is concerned, people with autism can either have “diminished capacity or superhuman capacity, but nothing in between.”

4The Cool And Collected Therapist

Many of Hollywood’s stereotypically mentally ill characters have a counterpart in a calm, efficient therapist who listens to them and puts their weird actions in perspective. The therapist may ask the character about their dreams, encourage them to follow their goals, or dispense advice leading to a life-changing epiphany. These characters are almost never shown as anything but the perfect, patient professional. However, it would likely be more accurate if they showed the therapist as a neurotic, anxious, depressed individual who struggles with mental health issues of their own.

While it may disturb some people who get therapy (which is still extremely useful and important), a large number of therapists entered the field because their own mental health problems made them interested in it. Additionally, there is generally no screening for serious psychological issues in the people who are dispensing counseling. The issue is made worse because many therapists end up physically attacked by their patients or discover that a patient has committed suicide. This means that even those therapists who entered the field with relatively good mental health still find themselves dealing with a level of emotional stress much higher than the average medical professional. Therapists also often struggle to get proper help from other therapists, even though they should know better than anyone what help they really need. Even Sigmund Freud, who could arguably have used some counseling himself, believed that therapists should have themselves evaluated every few years for the sake of their patients and themselves.

3People Know What Mental Illnesses They Have

In the movie Fight Club [Warning: 15-year-old spoilers ahead], the main character eventually figures out that he is Tyler Durden and that he has been forgetting his double-life as the Tyler persona. In other words, he has a second personality that’s a total psycho, making him two different parts of one extremely insane person. The problem is that the big reveal also happens to be extremely unrealistic: our anti-hero just kind of suddenly figures out what’s going on. In real life, people with mental disorders don’t simply trip a switch and work out what their disorder is and how to deal with it. Instead, it’s a long, painful process requiring lots of trial, error, and often multiple different attempts at medication.

In fact, many people go without treatment for years because they don’t realize their problems are actually a mental illness. Even if someone does believe they have a problem and is actively searching for the solution, it can still take years to find the right diagnosis or medication. Many people initially go to their primary care doctor, who often doesn’t have the time or knowledge to address the symptoms correctly. And once someone starts treatment, they may not take their medication as often they should. Even if they do, there’s no guarantee the medication will work for their particular issue. This, along with misdiagnosis, makes treating mental health problems a lengthy process.

2Treating An Overdose With A Needle To The Heart

In Pulp Fiction, John Travolta has to help Uma Thurman’s character after she accidentally overdoses on heroin. He drives like a lunatic to his dealer’s house, who immediately produces a massive adrenaline needle, which Travolta stabs into Uma Thurman’s heart, instantly reviving her. Surprisingly, there is a grain of truth to this, since an actual procedure called intracardiac injection has been used to treat cardiac arrest in the past. Unsurprisingly, the procedure depicted in the movie bears no relation to the real one and Travolta’s actions would simply have ensured that Thurman’s character definitely died.

For starters, intracardiac injections are almost never used anymore, since there are obvious complications from stabbing someone in the heart in an attempt to save them. Assuming Travolta didn’t hit a lung or the pulmonary artery, which he almost certainly would have, the procedure still wouldn’t have gotten the drugs to Thurman’s heart any faster than injecting them normally. Even if an injection to the heart was somehow necessary, there’s never any reason to ram a needle through someone’s chest, since the heart can be easily reached from the side through the ribcage. And finally, heroin overdoses actually cause respiratory problems, not the cardiac arrest an intracardiac injection of adrenaline could theoretically be used to treat.

1Depressed People Look Depressed

While depression may be one of the most widespread mental disorders, it’s also among the least likely to be realistically depicted. In movies, a depressed person will probably wear dark clothes, constantly appear sad or somber, and act withdrawn from their friends and family. Hollywood depression apparently involves indifference or contempt for everything outside a small bubble of overly indulgent self-pity. However, these depictions are often the farthest thing from the truth.

In reality, many depressed people put on a public face that fools even their closest friends and family. In fact, depressed people are the most likely to act out in public and draw attention to themselves, putting on a show to hide their problems from others and even themselves. The outgoing popular kid in the movies is always either a one-dimensional caricature or an extremely put-together and well-adjusted person. In real life, the class clown who makes the most noise and keeps everybody laughing could very well be severely depressed on the inside. As a result, many people with depression suffer in silence, putting on a happy face to ensure no one knows what they are really dealing with.

They can lift buildings clean off the ground, take on the force of a dying star, and perfect time travel to bring back half the world’s population. However, their troubles don’t end with the defeat of a purple villain or a spectacular fight against Steppenwolf.

All the awesomeness in the world can’t prevent some superheroes from struggling with more “human” issues such as depression, PTSD, and bipolar disorder. Here are 10 of your favorite heroes who battle “evil” as well as their even darker inner demons.

Warning: Possible spoilers ahead!

10 Of The Creepiest Things Superheroes Have Done

10 Iron Man

Iron Man 3 opens with Tony Stark narrating: “A famous man once said, ‘We create our own demons.’ ” In Stark’s previous outing in The Avengers, which is set six months before Iron Man 3, he comes uncomfortably close to death. This sets up this opening line perfectly, especially considering the issues Stark grapples with during the third Iron Man movie.

We see him changing the subject when Pepper Potts tries to warn him against the dangers he will continue to face as a superhero. He also tries to minimize his night terrors by avoiding sleep as much as possible (which, naturally, does nothing to help the situation). When asked to sign children’s pictures about the battle of New York, Stark has to leave the building to get his emotions under control.

These are sure signs of anxiety. Stark further tries to deal with them while developing new Iron Man technology to avoid certain life-or-death situations in his future. Several online blogs and forums have also discussed evidence that Stark had developed PTSD after the fight against Loki and his minions in The Avengers—hence the anxiety attacks that often overcome Stark.^[1]

Some fans have praised the way the struggle with anxiety and PTSD have been portrayed by the hugely popular Robert Downey Jr. They say that it has helped to minimize the stigma around mental health issues.

9 Thor

Thor wasn’t exactly himself when he appeared on-screen again in Avengers: Endgame five years after he finally chopped off Thanos’s head. When Hulk and Rocket go looking for him in New Asgard, they are shocked to find that Thor has gained weight and apparently forgotten to wash his grown-out hair. He is also sporting a beard that could rival that of ZZ Top’s Billy Gibbons.^[2]

However, many fans were disappointed by how the film set up Thor’s scenes “for laughs” instead of recognizing that the superhero was suffering from PTSD, depression, and alcoholism. Thor’s mental health decline had been coming for a while, even before Thanos appeared.

Thor had lost his mother, his father, his beloved hammer, and his girlfriend. After the arrival of Thanos, Thor also lost his brother, Loki, and his friend Heimdall in traumatic fashion. Not to mention that Thor felt survivor’s guilt after he failed to stop Thanos the first time around.

Some felt that Thor’s mental health struggle could have been treated with more respect. This also could have led to a lessening of stigma in the same way that the abovementioned Iron Man scenes have done.

8 Spider-Man

Tom Holland’s Spider-Man is probably the most relatable Peter Parker we’ve had in years. He openly displays emotion when fading away after The Snap. In heartwarming fashion, he is also happy to see Tony Stark again when the superheroes return for the epic battle at the end of Avengers: Endgame.

Peter’s grief-stricken face when Tony dies had many fans reaching for the tissues. In short, Spider-Man is one of the most “human” superheroes in modern Marvel films.

However, Peter Parker’s humanity also makes him incredibly susceptible to mental illness. Spider-Man: Far From Home sees Spider-Man going up against supervillain Mysterio, played by Jake Gyllenhaal.

Mysterio revels in crushing his opponents psychologically. He convinces Spider-Man that he is schizophrenic and suffers from multiple personality disorder. This leads to Spider-Man seeking help from a psychiatrist and almost losing his mental stability.^[3]

Although this might have been part of Mysterio’s plan to carry out his evil schemes, many fans believe that Peter Parker really does struggle with a form of mental illness. Some believe it to be borderline personality disorder as Parker struggles to accept his responsibilities as both Spider-Man and Peter Parker. He only really “finds himself” when decked out as the superhero. Not to mention possible depression after the deaths of his parents and his uncle Ben.

7 Captain America

Captain America is the quintessential good guy superhero. He always has a ready smile, is willing to help, and doesn’t stop fighting until evil is defeated. Not to mention that he possesses, in Ant-Man’s epic words, America’s ass. However, tragic events in Steve Rogers’s past have led him to become depressed, which is evident in some of the scenes focused on him.

One deleted scene from The Avengers shows Rogers leafing through documents that confirm all his old friends have died. The scene depicts his emotional state by leaving him in darkness and dimming the color surrounding him.

In a scene from Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers declines to go out on a Saturday night because he is still grieving the loss of his friends. Later, he states that he doesn’t know what would make him happy and he wouldn’t know what to do with himself if he had to stop being Captain America.^[4]

In addition, Rogers suffers from sleep impairment, guilt over Bucky’s apparent death, and a lack of willpower to save his own life when in mortal danger. This all shows the deep depression that Captain America continuously struggles with throughout several of his films.

6 The Scarlet Witch

Wanda Maximoff (aka The Scarlet Witch) and her brother, Pietro (aka Quicksilver), have a hazy background. Their origin story has been retconned many times and created several conflicting stories about their childhood. What is known, however, is that Wanda and Pietro were often left isolated and starved when they were children. This led to Pietro being cold in character and Wanda being dependent on men who couldn’t fulfill her emotional needs.

Wanda eventually ended up with Vision, an android, who seemed to provide everything she needed. However, their happiness didn’t last. In the comics, Vision and Wanda had two children who were reassimilated by Mephisto. The couple were divorced at this point, and Wanda turned to Agatha Harkness for comfort.

It seemed that all these unfortunate events, coupled with Wanda’s unstable childhood, led to her becoming unhinged and suffering a psychotic break during which she wiped out several mutants. Although the comics would define this as “craziness” or “madness,” the break was a long time in the making. It caused Wanda to break ranks and “go rogue” several times.^[5]

10 Lesser-Known Facts About Superheroes

5 Hulk

“I’m always angry.”

This iconic phrase, together with “Hulk, smash,” is just about the most memorable dialogue when it comes to Bruce Banner and Hulk. The first phrase, however, reveals the most about the angry green hero. Bruce Banner is a notably shy nuclear physics genius. When angered, he turns into Hulk, who smashes everything in his path.

This transformation has led to fans believing that Banner suffers from dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder. They also believe that he had been suffering from the disorder long before he transformed into Hulk. There are several Hulk personas that add weight to the theory, including Professor Hulk and the Green Scar.^[6]

In the comics, Hulk realizes that anger and violence are taking a toll on his mental health. He seeks help from psychiatrist Doctor Leonard Samson and starts on a journey to improve his mental health after a face-off with the Maestro (an alternate evil version of Hulk).

4 Wolverine

In the movie Logan, Wolverine (James/Logan Howlett) suffers from alcoholism, doesn’t care about his own well-being (or anyone’s else’s), and doesn’t want to engage in conversations about mutants.

It soon becomes clear that Logan is grappling with other problems, too. While taking care of an aging Professor X, Logan struggles with PTSD and night terrors. Even before these events, Wolverine had displayed symptoms of bipolar disorder with severe mood swings and depression after witnessing his father’s murder. His rage at the murder led to the accidental death of his mother.^[7]

Sadly, there is no light at the end of the tunnel for Logan. He dies at the end of the film with his restless demons still inside him.

3 The Unstoppable Wasp

In the Unstoppable Wasp #5, Nadia van Dyne is forced to face her own mental health when she realizes that she is bipolar. It seems that she inherited the disorder from her father, Hank Pym, along with the ability to change her size. Nadia’s mentor, Janet van Dyne, lets her friends know that Hank had bipolar disorder and that Nadia’s messed-up chalkboard “looks a lot like a manic episode.”

In #4, Nadia also displayed symptoms when she couldn’t remember whether she was assembling or taking apart a walkie-talkie. She is depicted as being unable to sleep or eat until her work has been done to her satisfaction. She also lashed out at several close friends.

In the #5 issue, she quickly moves into a depressive state after she retreats to her laboratory and faces episodes of bipolar rage.^[8]

Marvel hoped that introducing bipolar disorder into the comic would help to educate readers about the mental illness.

2 Batman

Like many other superheroes, Bruce Wayne suffered a traumatic childhood incident—in this case, seeing his parents murdered in Crime Alley. It turned him toward the fight against crime in Gotham City and made him into an unlikely superhero. Converting his grief into something constructive, Wayne trained himself to be a fighter and uses his skills to rid the streets of criminals while dressed as a bat.

It soon became apparent that Wayne is a high-functioning depressive with persistent depressive disorder. Although he lives a fulfilling life, he is still given to bouts of despair. He uses his depression as motivation to move forward while cutting everything out of his life that doesn’t contribute to his goals.

Fortunately, Batman has a group of people around him who help him to see the light. Notably, this includes Alfred Pennyworth, who acts as Batman’s confidant and occasional amateur therapist.^[9]

1 Daredevil

Matt Murdock (aka Daredevil) also suffers from ongoing depression. His girlfriend Elektra was murdered, and Karen Page, another love, also died. Eventually, his wife, Milla, had a mental breakdown.

Murdock has a Catholic background, and his depression is depicted as a demon that he cannot escape. In the 1986 “Born Again” story by Frank Miller, Daredevil is destroyed by Kingpin. Murdock also loses his job, his house, and the security of a sound mind. His depression threatens to overpower him.

Previously, his mother suffered from postpartum depression. It was so bad that she tried to kill Murdock when he was an infant. This confirmed that Murdock’s depression was inherited.^[10]

His struggle has proven valuable to comic book and superhero lovers worldwide as those who suffer from depression have found a kinship with Daredevil. Matt Murdock is also inspirational in the way he accomplishes various feats despite the crippling disorder.

Top 10 Totally Ridiculous Foreign Superheroes

Mental disorders reflect the anxieties of the era. A study of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) reflects a constantly shifting view, where once commonly accepted mental disorders are relegated to the dustbin of history. If the past is any indicator, our picture of the mind and its illnesses will soon too become obsolete.

10Male Hysteria

Hysteria has a slew of nervous symptoms that cannot be attributed to a physical cause. Despite men being just as prone to breakdowns as women, societal and political pressures stood in the way of diagnosis. However, in 18th- and 19th-century Britain, it became fashionable for men to develop “nervous” issues. It was an issue of class, where sensitivity was seen as sophistication that elevated the bourgeois above the working people.

In the early 20th century, male hysteria morphed into “shell shock.” This reflected a changing perception of the disease, losing its feminine connotations. This new form of male hysteria was made honorable. In the 1980s, “shell shock” gave way to PTSD—post-traumatic stress disorder. The progression has been a slow shift from the feminine stigma associated with the disease.

9Dysaesthesia Aethiopica

In the mid-1800s, mental health professionals fabricated disorders to justify slavery. Dysaesthesia aethiopica was defined by mischief caused by “stupidness of mind and insensibility of the nerves.” The afflicted were believed to wander about at night, sleep all day, raise disturbances, and “break, waste, and destroy everything they handle.” Doctors also claimed this “disease peculiar to negroes” came with physical symptoms in the form of lesions, which were always present in the afflicted.

Sociologists and psychologists manufactured this disease to scientifically prove that black men were incapable of handling freedom. The cure for dysaesthesia aethiopica was slavery. These quacks claimed the disorder was more common among free blacks than those in bondage. The only slaves afflicted were ones who lived lifestyle—with diet, drinks, and exercise—like their free brethren, or those “that have not got some white person to direct and take care of them.”

8The Vapors

In the Victorian era, psychologists claimed one-quarter of women suffered from “the vapors.” The term derived from ancient Greek medical theories based on the four humors of the body. The vapors were caused by an imbalance. Humors in the spleen rose through the body to affect the mind. Women were more likely to catch the disease based on “irregularities” in their anatomy. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, fainting, tremors, and bloating.

Women of independent mind were often diagnosed with the vapors. Suffragettes were particularly vulnerable. Given the wide range of symptoms, vapors diagnosis often impeded the identification of more serious medical conditions like depression, infections, and cancer. In the modern day, the folksy term is used as a joke. For example, it has been used by Colin Powell and journalists Peggy Noonan and Claire Berlinski to cast opponents in a foolish light.

7Homosexuality

Until the mid-1980s, homosexuality was considered a mental disorder. By the end of the 19th century, homosexuality shifted from sin and crime to the territory of mental health professionals. However, experts were never in agreement about its classification. Some viewed homosexuality as a degenerative sickness. Others thought it was inborn and not a disease. Freud even considered bisexuality to be humans’ innate state. None of these assessments were based on empirical testing but rather on observations of homosexual patients.

Beginning in the 1970s, mental health experts shifted their views on homosexuality due to the mounting evidence and shifting cultural views. In 1974, a vote was held to amend homosexuality’s place in the DSM. By 1980, the only entry was for “ego-dystonic homosexuality.” This meant the homosexual tendencies were not in line with the person’s self-perception. Many criticized this decision. By 1986, homosexuality was completely removed from the DSM.

6Dementia Praecox

In 1893, Emil Kraepelin launched the first attempt to develop a categorization system for mental illness. He divided psychological disorders into just two categories: circular insanity and dementia praecox. Circular insanity was marked by a host of mood disturbances but could be treated. Dementia praecox was an incurable, irreversible mental deterioration beginning during youth. Some of the symptoms included “atrophy of the emotions” and “shun of the will.” The prognosis was hopeless.

Professionals likely gave this label to all “bad prognosis madness.” In the late 1920s, dementia praecox fell out of favor. Eugene Bleuler’s “schizophrenia” became the preferred diagnosis for inexplicable madness. Schizophrenia had hope. Bleuler viewed dementia, hallucinations, delusions, and flat affect as secondary symptoms. By 1952, dementia praecox officially vanished from the psychological lexicon when the first edition of the DSM was published.

5Lunacy

For millennia, people thought full moons made people crazy. Aristotle claimed the brain was the “moistest” organ, and therefore most susceptible to the tidal influences. This “lunar lunacy effect” remained popular in the Western world throughout the Middle Ages. Many still cling to the belief that full moons cause an increase in hospital visits, homicides, suicides, and traffic accidents. In 2007, UK police introduced full moon units to deal with the associated increase in crime.

Little evidence shows a connection between moon phases and madness. The gravitational influence of the Moon the same across moon phases, and it only affects open water. However, there may have once been a kernel of truth to lunar lunacy. Before modern illumination, moonlight would have had a more significant effect on sleep patterns. Full moons may have led to sleep deprivation, which is known to trigger erratic behavior in bipolar sufferers.

4Neurasthenia

In 1869, physician George Miller Beard developed a diagnostic profile for a mental disorder that appeared custom designed for America’s leading families. The symptoms of neurasthenia—or nervous exhaustion—included migraines, fatigue, depression, and digestive problems. Beard saw “American nervousness” as a result of fast-paced urban life. The cure was to flee the city. Women were encouraged to rest, while men were encouraged to engage in vigorous activity in the outdoors.

By the early 20th century, this mental disorder became a status symbol. It spread from the elite downward, penetrating every level of society. “American nervousness” even spread to Europe, China, and Japan. The stigma of the disorder was removed by reassurance that it was physical in origin and not the result of mental weakness. By 1930, neurasthenia virtually disappeared from psychology. However, many of the symptoms are still present in modern illnesses like clinical depression and chronic fatigue syndrome.

3Moral Insanity

First described in 1835 by physician J.C. Prichard, moral insanity is a disease of the conscience. This mental disorder is defined by a “morbid perversion” of the emotions, habits, and impulses without any defect of intellect or reasoning.

Moral insanity continued to be diagnosed until 1881, when it was used in the trial of Charles Guiteau, who assassinated President James Garfield. One physician claimed the assassin suffered from this bygone disorder. Another labeled Guiteau an “imbecile.” In 1888, “psychopathic inferiority” began being used in place of moral insanity. Many consider moral insanity the forerunner of the modern psychopathic and anti-social personality disorders. However, experts are not even in agreement about that.

2Inadequate Personality Disorder

Inadequate personality disorder sufferers exhibit poor judgment, social instability, and lack of physical and emotional stamina. They appear poorly adapted for their environment without any real physical or intellectual defects. Patients have dim or nonexistent views of themselves in the world. Some sufferers cannot maintain minimal self-sufficiency and are often dependent on family members. The disorder was dropped from the DSM III in 1980.

There is strong evidence to link inadequate personality disorder with frontal lobe syndrome. In 1848, railroad foreman Phineas Gage took a spike to the front of his skull. His personality rapidly changed, becoming childish, erratic, and irresponsible. He ended his days as a circus sideshow performer. Frontal lobotomies, once used to treat violent psychiatric patients, also resulted in reduced creativity, spontaneity, and social effectiveness.

1Gender Identity Disorder

In 2012, the DSM removed “gender identity disorder.” This obsolete diagnosis meant that transgender people were considered mentally ill. This had long been considered stigmatizing by gender rights activists. By removing the categorization, there is no longer anything pathological about having a transgender identity.

Gender identity disorder was replaced with “gender dysphoria.” This new categorization only focuses on those who are distressed with their gender identity. While some consider this to be a significant change, others are less impressed. Supporters claim that gender dysphoria was left in the DSM in case transgender people need access to health care. Some do not think enough headway has been made. However, it is hard to argue that things are not progressing. In the 1990s, transgender people with grouped with pedophiles by the Americans With Disabilities Act.

Abraham Rinquist is the executive director of the Winooski, Vermont, branch of the Helen Hartness Flanders Folklore Society. He is the coauthor of Codex Exotica and Song-Catcher: The Adventures of Blackwater Jukebox.

We’ve probably all met at least one person in our lives who has a really good memory, is really good at doing math in their head, or something along those lines. Most of the time we just assume this person is some kind of genius, or perhaps a savant, and we think it’s beyond us. However, for those of you who wish that you could have some of those abilities, the good news is that you actually don’t need to be a prodigy to learn them. There are many mental superpowers that anyone can learn, as long as they are willing to put in the time to practice.

10. Want A Cool Party Trick? Learning To Speed Solve A Rubik’s Cube Is Entry Level

Everyone knows the Rubik’s cube, and most people have at least idly picked one up, solved one side, and then gave up when they realized they would have to destroy their work to fix another side. A lot of people have never bothered to go much further past this, but many wish they could complete one, at least to say that they finally did.

For those of you who feel that solving a Rubik’s cube is out of reach, and that trying to solve one as a speed-cuber is even more out of reach, the nice thing is it actually isn’t really that hard. If you can solve one side, you can get the rest done, as long as you follow the right movement patterns. You see, there is a simple pattern of movement that will change other parts of the cube, but leave the parts you didn’t want changed as they are as you finish with the movement pattern. As for how hard it is to be a speed-cuber, a nine-year-old in China named Yihang Wang has done it in under five seconds with decent consistency, so you can learn how to do it in a few minutes if you really practice and set your mind to it. 

9.  Training Yourself To Have An Incredible Memory Is Easier Than It Sounds

Some people see someone with a really good memory, and they’re shocked by that person’s genetic luck, and how they just “have” a good memory. This all goes back to so many people thinking that talent is something you just have, and not something that is mostly a learned ability. However, the truth is that true photographic, or eidetic, memories are considered a myth by most researchers, but that doesn’t mean you can’t still have a great memory. The trick is, you actually need to train and discipline your mind properly to do it.

Now, while there are a ton of mnemonic techniques that can help you which we don’t have room for here, the main concept is just understanding how your memory works. Memory actually has addresses in your brain that trigger it, based on the context when you memorized whatever it was. This can make it hard to remember things, as we have to recall what else was going on at the time, but if we can train ourselves to use triggers that make more sense, we can control our memory much better.

Furthermore, if you use something called chunking, you can actually increase your working memory as well. Short term memory can hold up to nine chunks of information at a time, but if you take items and put them into categories, you can expand this capacity.

8. Learning To Count Cards Is Both Easy And Potentially Profitable

In movies like The Hangover, we see a character using crazy math calculations in order to count cards and get our main cast all the money they need to hopefully escape a sticky situation. The technique is made to look almost impossibly inaccessible to anyone who isn’t some kind of crazy genius at mathematics, and the drama is tuned up to the highest degree. However, the truth is it isn’t actually that hard to learn to count cards.

It does require discipline and practice, just like anything that you want to learn properly, and you will probably want to practice memory techniques as well to make sure you don’t make errors under pressure. However, it doesn’t require complex math. In fact, all it really requires is arithmetic, which is something most of us should have mastered long ago. As for whether it is legal, what happened in The Hangover was illegal as it was a conspiracy involving several people. However, if you are working alone without electronic help, you can count cards all day and all they can do is kick you out and tell you not to come back. 

7. Learning Human And Animal Body Language Is Like Teaching Yourself An Extra Sense

Most of us know a decent amount of human body language just from being, well, human. But there are many things we don’t know about the science involved, and if we teach ourselves to learn these tricks, it can feel like opening up an entirely new sense. This can be especially helpful with pets, who speak an entirely different language than we do.

Dog body language is mostly well known, but a lot of people don’t quite know cats so well, as studies on them haven’t been as common until more recently. What we do know makes it relatively easy to understand them though, and can open up new understanding between you and your cat. The most important thing is to watch their tail movements, which indicate most of their mood. A raised tail, for example, indicates interest and openness, but a thrashing tail means your cat is really, really angry and frustrated.

As for people, one trick many don’t know about is that by watching which way their eyes are moving, you can often tell if they are telling the truth or not. The trick is that when remembering things, people typically look left, and when thinking of something new, they probably look right and upward. If they are looking right and downward however, it could indicate they doubt their own words. 

6. Learn Classical Logic And Apply it To Your Everyday Thinking

A lot of us tend to think of ourselves as pretty logical, for the most part, and we like to believe that we are already applying logic most of the time to our everyday lives. However, while it is true most people are at least trying to be logical most of the time, that doesn’t mean they always are, or that they couldn’t be more logically sound if they took the time to learn classical logic. Now, the reason a lot of people don’t think too highly of it is that at its most basic level it can seem almost absurdly reductive, but that’s kind of the point.

The idea behind classical logic is to break things down into simple statements, like, “If I eat until I feel full, I ate enough; if I eat after I feel full, I ate too much.” It also breaks everything down into simple true, false, or both statements. This is actually really easy enough to learn, even if the more complicated version involves algebra. If you do teach yourself to start applying classical logic to everyday life, you can impress people with your complex problem solving skills. Also, by  forcing yourself to look at things logically, it will be much harder for the news to emotionally manipulate you as well.

5. Learning To Read Lips Is Useful, But It Can Be Misinterpreted

You’ve probably never thought too much about learning to read lips. Most people don’t. This is usually because we tend to think of it as a skill that’s something you only learn if you’re hard of hearing. It helps you figure out what people are saying when your ears are not working properly, and allows the person to better understand a conversation without needing the other person to know sign language. However, it can be useful for more than just people who are deaf, as sometimes when looking right at someone we might miss a word or two due to sound, and not want them to repeat themselves, or we might be trying to pick up part of a conversation from across the room.

Now, while anyone can read lips, it is important to know that reading lips should be largely based on context and not just what you thought you read. You should also be careful not to take action simply from what you thought you read from their lips. The reason for this is that a lot of words or phrases will make the same exact movement as other words or phrases, and context is not always enough to entirely make up for this.

4. Learning Just The Fundamentals Of A Wide Variety Of Subjects Has Multiple Advantages

It can be easy to get frustrated during your early years in college. You might be annoyed at having to take a bunch of general education courses that don’t seem to fit your major. This is a very common complaint, but the colleges stand firm, claiming that it is important for you to learn all of those things. Some people think it’s a conspiracy from the colleges to get you to spend more money going to unnecessary classes, but there is actually a good reason for all of this.

The thing is, while specializing is great, that doesn’t mean that you get to reach the skill of a specialist just by specialization alone. Most subjects have a lot of interconnected things that might not necessarily be a direct part of your major study, and making all these connections as you learn will help increase your understanding of your field. It will also make you a more well-rounded person capable of impressing people by at least understanding the basics of a lot more subjects. Finally, it will also help you with employers, who are looking for people with a more diverse skill set, and can help land you jobs in interconnected fields.

3. Even Sighted People Can Benefit From Learning How To Use Echolocation

Echolocation is something a lot of people think is just a skill that is unique to heroes like Daredevil, who are not at all real (well, as far as we know…). Now, while it is true that you are unlikely to ever learn to be able to use echolocation to the level that Daredevil can in the comics,  you can learn to use it to great effect, even if you can see just fine.

Some of you are probably wondering what the point of this is if you can already see, but echolocation is basically using your brain to create a sonar map. Anytime something is blocking your vision, you can use echolocation to get a better visual map of what might be behind the things that are obstructing your view. Some may think that only blind people can learn this, but the fact is that blind people actually don’t have extra hearing, and some studies have shown sighted people picking it up easier than blind people.

2. Train Yourself Not Just To See Or Hear, But To Observe

This all goes back to the basic principles of Sherlock-ian deduction, which can be best illustrated by a conservation Holmes once had with Dr. Watson where he  asks the good doctor if he knows how many steps lead up to their flat at 221b Baker Street. Watson cannot answer, and Holmes replies, “You see Watson, but you do not observe.” This fundamental principle is the basis of all of Sherlock’s deductions, as he has trained himself to actively observe everything around him, as opposed to just seeing it like most of us do.

Now, some may think this is splitting hairs, or just something you need if you are a detective, but there is a good reason for normal people to train their brains to think like this. There is something called situational blindness where we can see something daily, and be so used to the general schematic of it, that we don’t notice small changes. These changes could even cause you to have an accident in the wrong situation, so it’s good to actively keep your eye on things. Furthermore, by applying this skill to observing people, you will get a better handle on subtle mood shifts that you might have missed in your friends and workers.

1. You Can Become A Human Calculator By Learning Some Simple Tricks

Let’s start off by being clear that while everyone can learn it, there is a good reason this one is number one on the list. It’s easily the most impressive skill to learn, but it’s also going to require the most practice of any of them to really get down. That being said, for those who think this is a skill beyond them because it requires advanced math aptitude or skills, you can rest easy knowing that really isn’t the case. You may have seen people at the county fair or somewhere similar managing complex multiplication faster than you would be able to enter it into your calculator, and thought they were a real-life Will Hunting. However, they are using simple tricks and not advanced math. 

The first trick is knowing the basics of arithmetic really well, and understanding how to round up or down and simplify things by breaking them into chunks. If you know the basic principles, you just need to memorize most of the square roots, and then learn a simple formula you can use as a shortcut for advanced multiplication. If you understand that ((A Squared) – (B Squared)) = ((A + B) * (A – B)), how to plug in the right numbers, and you know your square roots, you too can be a math magician.

Most media attention focuses on illnesses that affect large swaths of people—the epidemics and pandemics. But, as strange as it sounds, there are certain ailments and mental disorders that only affect members of a particular tribe or region.

Even in Western medicine, many of these illnesses and disorders lack any tangible cause, explanation, or treatment. Most of the affected tribesmen attribute these ailments to a spirit, curse, or witch.

10 Uppgivenhetssyndrom

Uppgivenhetssyndrom is a bizarre illness that only affects refugee children from former Soviet or Yugoslav states who now live in Sweden. The children suddenly develop the illness whenever they realize that their family is about to be deported to their original country. The kids exhibit coma-like symptoms and refuse to move, talk, or eat. They just remain in their beds as if they were dead.

In a well-documented case, one of two sisters from Kosovo lost her ability to walk a day after hearing that her family was about to be deported. The other sister soon joined her, and they remained in the coma-like state for two years. Children in this condition only return to their normal selves when the Swedish government reverses the deportation notice and allows their family to stay in the country. Even so, the children take months to recover.

In another well-documented case, a boy spent three extra months in bed after his family had a deportation notice reversed and was granted a residency permit. He opened his eyes and sat up but needed support to straighten his head.^[1]

9 Amafufunyana

Amafufunyana is a disease unique to the Zulus and the Xhosas of South Africa. It often involves a person’s stomach speaking a language that the person doesn’t understand.

Among the Xhosas, for instance, there are claims that the stomach speaks Zulu. The stomach also delivers threats and dishes out orders to the victim. One woman’s stomach told her that she would never have a child. It also threatened to afflict her with seizures and kill her. Another girl was told to jump in front of a moving car.

Sufferers often experience nightmares, fatigue, and sleep difficulties. They also become angry, highly agitated, and prone to suicide. Sometimes, they even start talking in another voice.

Native healers believe that the disease is the result of a curse. The person responsible for the curse supposedly takes ants from a dead person’s grave, makes it into poison, and feeds it to the would-be victim. Once eaten, the victim begins to hear his stomach talking.

Between 1981 and 1983, amafufunyana affected over 400 schoolchildren in South Africa. The pupils suffered swollen stomachs and started running about, kicking chairs and desks. Their stomachs reportedly spoke Zulu, saying they were sent to possess the children.^[2]

Three women were blamed for the incident. Two fled, but the last was caught and almost killed by the angry children. The children were arrested and charged with assault. But they behaved so erratically in court that the case was adjourned five times.

8 Running Amok

In English, the phrase “(to) run amok” refers to the act of behaving in a wild and unruly manner. Or rather, it means “to go crazy.” The phrase is actually from “running amok,” an illness peculiar to the natives of Malaysia, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. A person suffering from “running amok” exhibits violent and unpredictable behaviors and may even commit suicide.

Running amok has been documented for about 200 years and is regarded as a mental disorder in Western medicine. It is believed to be a consequence of the isolation of the native tribes and is compounded by their spiritual beliefs. However, natives believe that it is caused by a spirit taking over the body.^[3]

The only cure for running amok is to kill the victim. This is dangerous because the victim will also attempt to murder the person trying to kill him. Another treatment is to just let the patient be. If he does not commit suicide, he could recover. However, the patient often develops amnesia and cannot remember all that happened.

7 Hikikomori

Hikikomori is a mental disease peculiar to Japanese youths. It means “withdrawal” or “pulling in” and kicks in when the youth withdraws from everyone and locks himself up in his home for months, doing almost nothing other than thinking. Some young people even exhibit traits of obsessive-compulsive disorder and repeatedly clean their rooms or cut themselves. Most victims are at least 25 years old, and 80 percent are male.

Sociologists believe that hikikomori is caused by Western influence on the Japanese labor market. Ideally, Japanese students get jobs immediately after graduating from college and remain there for the rest of their lives. However, some break this cycle and get jobs after high school or do not get jobs immediately after graduating from college. When this happens, they find it difficult to return to the same level as their colleagues who did not break the cycle.

A study sponsored by the Japanese government revealed that 236,000 Japanese suffered from hikikomori in 2010. The government does not really understand the disease. It funded research that only caused more confusion because it couldn’t even give a proper definition of the disease. The lack of classification means that victims do not get effective treatment.^[4]

6 Wendigo Psychosis

Wendigo psychosis is a mental disorder that causes the victim to develop a taste for human flesh. It is supposedly unique to northeastern Native American tribes. We say “supposedly” because the disorder lacks any concrete documentation, causing some to believe that it was made up. Some anthropologists believe that Wendigo psychosis was a general name for mental illness.

No one has ever seen a person suffering from Wendigo psychosis who was actually eating someone. In the early 1900s, missionary J.E. Saindon met a woman suffering from the disorder. The woman had no interest in eating flesh. But she avoided strangers because she was afraid that she would kill them. The only reason she wanted to kill strangers was because she feared the same strangers also wanted to kill her.

Other accounts of Wendigo psychosis are mostly controversial. One is about a man who reportedly killed and ate members of his family after the death of his eldest son. Another is about a man called Jack Fiddler who was tried and executed for curing someone with the disorder. By cure, we mean he killed the person.^[5]

5 Hwa-byung

Hwa-byung (“fire disease”) is specific to Koreans. It refers to the boiling emotions felt by a person suppressing his anger. As a result, it is also called “suppressed anger syndrome.” Koreans believe hwa-byung lasts from the time a person starts suppressing his anger until he reacts when he can’t take it anymore. At that point, the person tends to engage in long, detailed talks.

Sufferers often complain of a boiling sensation in their chests or bodies. They also become dizzy, depressed, angry, weak, irritated, paranoid, and fatigued. In addition, they suffer from headaches and blurred vision.

Hwa-byung is common among poor Koreans and Korean women between the ages of 40–50. The women often develop the disorder due to childlessness or pressures put on them by their in-laws. These women also experience hwa-byung when they discover their husbands are cheating on them.^[6]

4 Pibloktoq

Pibloktoq is also called “Arctic hysteria.” It was first detected in 1892 and is peculiar to the Inuit tribe living in the Arctic region. Sufferers often become agitated, shouting and tearing off their clothes before running naked in the freezing temperatures. This continues for hours until they collapse and sleep it off. They have recovered by the time they wake up.

The Inuit believe that pibloktoq is the result of someone becoming possessed by a spirit. In fact, they rate the illness positively since the victim could receive revelations from those spirits. As a result, victims are often left alone unless they endanger themselves.

Researchers believe that pibloktoq is caused by several factors, including the fat of animals eaten by the Inuit and a lack of vitamin A. The extremely cold weather is also considered to be a possible factor. European sailors stranded in the Arctic region in the 19th century suffered from the illness, and so do the sled dogs of the Inuit.^[7]

3 Wild Pig Syndrome

Wild pig syndrome (aka the wild man syndrome) is exclusive to the young men of the Gururumba tribe of New Guinea. Sufferers suddenly become aggressive and behave irrationally, stealing anything they can lay their hands on and shooting arrows at random people. After a few days of continuous display of irrational behavior, the sufferer runs into the bush. There, he recovers and returns as a normal person.^[8]

Members of the Gururumba tribe believe that wild pig syndrome is caused by the bite of the ghost of a dead person. The irrational actions exhibited by the victim prove that he is incapable of coping with the frustrations of life and is unable to control his behavior.

2 Grisi Siknis

Grisi siknis is a mental disorder that occurs among the Miskito population of Nicaragua. Sufferers often remain in a coma-like state until they suddenly burst into a fit of rage. During this fit, they use weapons to fight off unseen enemies and try to flee from the community with their eyes closed. They also become exceptionally agitated and require up to four people to hold them down.

Grisi siknis often affects groups of tribesmen at once. In one incident, 60 people in one community suffered from the malady at the same time. In Western medicine, grisi siknis is believed to be a form of mass hysteria and is often treated with anticonvulsant drugs and antidepressants, which never work.^[9]

Members of the Miskito tribe believe that grisi siknis is the aftereffect of a curse and often turn to traditional healers for treatment. Investigations conducted after an outbreak in the 1950s concluded that it is just hallucinations. Apparently, someone deliberately added hallucinogenic drugs into the tribe’s water supply.

1 Shenkui

Shenkui is an illness peculiar to the Chinese. It is described as the loss or the fear of the loss of male energy, which the Chinese call yang. Sufferers believe that they’re becoming deficient in yang and masculinity by losing their semen. Supposedly, this happens by masturbating, having excessive sex, experiencing wet dreams, or passing white urine.

Sometimes, the kidney takes the blame. In Chinese traditional medicine, the kidney is believed to be responsible for turning blood into semen. As a result, a shortage of semen is sometimes attributed to a weak kidney.

To avoid losing their yang, Chinese men develop pa-leng and pa-feng, the phobias for cold and wind, respectively. To combat the problem, these men wear warm clothing and eat hot food.^[10]

Something true for almost everyone reading this is that our everyday lives as children were defined by going to school. We learned new things, manners, and how to live with other people, and we made new friends. Fun, right?

However, nowadays, high school has taken on a whole new meaning for teenage students. There are a number of reasons why high school in the United States can be quite harmful for a student’s mental health, and we will be covering ten of them in this list.

10 Bullying

Just about all of us probably knew at least one kid in school who deserved a good lesson in manners. Well, the American Society for the Positive Care of Children has found that 28 percent of all children aged 12 to 18 have suffered from bullying.^[1] Bullying is a great nuisance for students, for it turns the school from a healthy learning environment to a scary no-man’s-land. If a student cannot evolve in a threat-free school, how can he learn? To make matters worse, with the rise of cyberbullying, the threat is greater than ever.

If a victim is physically bullied, he may fear for his immediate safety. Plus, alerting a teacher or adult can be scary, especially if the bully threatens to be even more cruel if an adult is involved. A young student can easily be intimidated by the class bully. And if the bully turns the school into a place associated with being beaten or getting their money or food stolen, why would a child want to go, let alone go there to learn and work?

9 Fatigue

If you walk through a high school’s hall, you’ll probably see a bunch of drowsy students with endless bags under their eyes. This can be explained by students’ answers to an online survey conducted by researchers. When asked how they felt in school, 39 percent of the students simply answered that they were tired.^[2] Indeed, following classes all day is hard enough without having to wake up at 6:00 AM to catch a 6:30 bus. Add to that extracurricular activities, stress, homework, and deadlines, and you can end up tired pretty quickly.

Fatigue in students can lead to decreased performance in tests and sleeping in class (which means falling behind in the class), and it becomes a vicious circle of having to catch up at home and missing even more sleep. A healthy amount of sleep for a teenager in high school is actually 9.5 hours, but on average, they only get 7.5. Not getting enough sleep can make a teen irritable, tired, and depressed, which leads to a downfall in grades.

8 Panic Attacks

Agoraphobia can be a major cause of panic attacks, and if we take a look at schools, they are packed with seemingly endless masses of students scurrying from one class to another. Panic attacks can come from drug use or other factors, too, and two to three percent of teenagers will have a panic attack during a given year.^[3]

Panic attacks can be extremely frightening, and obviously, a student who regularly experiences them cannot study efficiently. Students suffering from panic disorder are often distracted in class or carried away by their thoughts, which is why they can easily be overwhelmed if overloaded with information. Panic attacks can also be spurred by the fear of an upcoming event or overthinking something, such as a test, the consequences of a bad grade, and so on.

7 Psychiatric Disorders

High school has undeniable effects on teenagers’ mental health, and the factors are almost unending: stress, anxiety, fear, bullying, etc. It’s no wonder that more than six percent of teenagers are taking prescription psychiatric drugs.^[4] These can be for anything from depression to ADHD, which can cause a student to easily get distracted and lose track of what is happening in class, making it dreadfully easy to fall behind on their notes, making it harder to prepare for tests or assignments, further digging a hole in their grades.

A student with ADHD will find it more difficult to succeed in standardized testing, for example, but also to do basic assignments and homework since they may have difficulty listening and paying attention in class. This leads to them having a lower view of their intelligence compared to other students when, in reality, it is not related to their mental capacity. Often, the problem is not related to their intelligence but rather to a lack of motivation to keep up and pay more careful attention. Instead, they decide to give up because of the difficulty they encounter while trying to concentrate.

6 Standardized Testing

Grades are scary, and school is harder than ever. How better to test students than to put them through a series of stressful tests that may or may not define their future? Well, let’s have a look at how many students aged 13 to 18 report having test anxiety: 25 percent.^[5] One student out of four will freeze, sweat, or feel nausea when they find themselves in front of their blank test. It only gets worse after that because of the importance American high schools give to grades and results. If a student fails their final exams, it can have consequences for their higher education and eventually their career.

When such an emphasis is put on a test, so easy to fail if we get the answers wrong, it’s only normal to be stressed out. Standardized testing is a major academic fail for many reasons, one of which is the fact that not every brain functions the same way. Just because one student has better memory than another, it does not define his intelligence.

5 Anxiety

Students can be exposed to a great deal of worrisome situations in high school, such as deadlines, social relationships, fear of failure, and so on. The overwhelming amount of things students have to think of, remember, and hand in is simply scary. And it is not getting any better; anxiety is on the rise among teenagers.^[6]

Stress makes it very difficult to work, deal with school, and have healthy social relationships, which we often forget is critical to a child’s development. In many ways, the challenges that face students in high school only make matters worse, with social relations at school being more and more difficult and many subjects requiring oral presentations. A student with anxiety will often be very distressed by the idea of presenting his work in front of the whole class. And, let’s be honest, even for those who do not already suffer from anxiety, speaking in front of a crowd is not always easy.

4 Depression

Being a teenager is hard enough without having to face difficult times at school; it can lead to a student feeling sadder and sadder for weeks or even months. Many students can feel crushed by the workload and pressure and resort to giving up, feeling the emptiness consume them. They detach themselves more and more from school, the teachers, everything, impairing their mental health and, of course, their grades.

The exhaustion often felt by teenagers at school only makes matters worse. As many as one teenager out of five experiences depression before entering adulthood.^[7] In extreme cases, depression may lead to self-harm or even suicide. Financial problems can also be a cause for some cases. However, it is difficult to get an idea of exactly how many people suffer from depression, because many depressed students don’t actually seek out help or even talk about it to anyone. Depression is a recognized mental disorder, is more common than we think, and is not limited to students. If you feel depressed, talk to a specialist. Don’t stay alone.

3 Homework

Ah, homework, a mandatory exercise demanded by many teachers in high school. It is not a fun activity; more often than not, it mostly consists of exercises to train the student for upcoming tests. A survey led by the University of Phoenix reveals that high school students have to deal with an average 17.5 hours of homework per week.^[8] This amount of homework may often result in late nights, stress, and fatigue, not to mention the pressure to do well, hand the assignment in on time, etc. And if students fail to hand in homework, they will get a bad grade, so they can’t allow themselves to just leave it. Everything must be done, or else . . .

Many believe homework is bad for children, simply because they need time to get some rest for their developing minds. A student who has spent the whole day at school should not go straight back to work when they get home. It’s unhealthy and very tiring for a young mind. Plus, overloading children with homework is only counterproductive because they will be working all evening and tire themselves out, leaving them fatigued the next day at school.

2 Stress

Stress in high school is very frequent. It has many occasions to manifest, and the overall pressure of “do well in school, get a good job” can be very crushing for students. And then there’s the amount of important life choices that arise during high school, such as finding a college and what a student wants to do afterward. It goes on forever and can be pretty stressful. Then come the deadlines, homework, social anxiety, grades, and more.

A research study from NYU found that 49 percent of high schoolers felt a great deal of stress on a daily basis.^[9] Stress can make it very hard for a student to think straight, perform well in tests, or even function. Elite high school students are driven to aim for the most prestigious colleges, putting even more pressure on them to be successful and to get better results and grades. But stress will only make matters worse and wear them out, especially the effects of stress that will follow them throughout adulthood.

1 Social Integration

An important factor for any worker in any working space, not only students, is the feeling of belonging. Feeling out of place somewhere is very bad for a person’s well-being, and students need to feel like they are a part of the school to be happy and safe. Otherwise, it can impair their work, mental health, or both. So imagine if, on average, more than half of high school students did not feel engaged at their school. That would be catastrophic, right? Well, a Gallup poll says that only 44 percent of high school students felt engaged with their school.^[10]

School is not just a place to learn about scholarly subjects; it is also a place where students learn to coexist, make friends, and cooperate with others, and if teenagers do not feel at ease in this environment, how can they learn the social skills required to live a healthy life? High school is often described as hostile for those who are not the “popular” type, and if only 44 percent of students feel at home and safe at school, then it is not the students’ faults; it is the schools’ fault.

Overall, school is home to many students with mental disorders, and they won’t be getting any better unless American high schools change their methods soon. Many countries have succeeded in having a healthy learning environment. Take, for example, Finland, which has abolished standardized testing for their students (apart from one exam at the end of senior year) and which has gotten amazing results ever since.

I am a young freelance writer willing to earn a bit of money through writing.

Exploring the truth about mental health is a journey of understanding and compassion. As we unravel the complexities of mental health, it’s time to say goodbye to old misconceptions. We’re challenging preconceived notions and embracing fresh perspectives. It’s time to foster a friendly dialogue that nurtures empathy and knowledge. Let’s embark on a transformative quest to unlearn, relearn, and uplift together. Because when it comes to mental health, a little understanding goes a long way.

Related: Top 10 Culture-Specific Illnesses And Mental Disorders

10 Misconception: Mental Illness Is a Sign of Weakness

One misconception that deserves immediate attention is that mental illness signifies weakness. Just as a physical ailment doesn’t indicate personal weakness, neither does a mental health challenge imply any decline in character or strength.

Mental illnesses are complex conditions that arise from a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. They can affect anyone, regardless of background, personality, or resilience. In fact, seeking help and facing these challenges head-on takes tremendous courage and strength.

Admitting to and addressing mental health concerns is an act of bravery demonstrating a deep understanding of one’s well-being. It’s akin to acknowledging a physical ailment and seeking medical attention. Just as we rally behind someone battling a physical illness, offering unwavering support to those grappling with mental health issues is crucial.

Erase the misconception that mental illness is indicative of weakness. By doing so, we can foster an environment of empathy and understanding, encouraging individuals to seek help without fear of judgment.

9 Misconception: Mental Illness Is an Adult Problem

To promote better mental health awareness, one misconception that needs to be debunked is the notion that mental illness is exclusively an adult problem. This belief couldn’t be further from the truth. Children and adolescents can also struggle with mental health issues, and it’s crucial to recognize and address these challenges early on.

Just as physical health can affect anyone at any age, so can mental health issues. Young minds are particularly vulnerable to the pressures of academics, peer relationships, and societal expectations. From anxiety and depression to attention-deficit disorders, mental health conditions can manifest during childhood or adolescence.

Recognizing signs of distress and providing timely support is paramount. Parents, teachers, and caregivers play pivotal roles in creating safe spaces for young individuals to express their emotions and seek help without judgment. Open conversations and education about mental well-being should be integral to growing up, promoting resilience and emotional intelligence from a young age.

8 Misconception: Therapy Is a Waste of Time and Money

One prevalent misconception is that therapy is a futile drain on your precious time and hard-earned money. In reality, seeking therapy can be invaluable to your mental and emotional well-being. Therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution but a personalized journey toward self-discovery and growth.

Trained mental health professionals provide a safe space for you to explore your thoughts, feelings, and concerns without judgment. This process can help you untangle the knots of your mind, gain clarity, and develop effective coping strategies.

Moreover, therapy isn’t solely reserved for severe issues. It’s a proactive approach to prevent future struggles and cultivate a more fulfilling life. It’s a commitment to self-improvement, self-compassion, and lasting happiness. Your well-being matters; seeking support is a sign of strength and self-care.

7 Misconception: People with a Mental Illness Can “Just Get Over It”

The misconception that individuals with a mental illness can simply “get over it” oversimplifies the complex nature of mental health and adds an unnecessary burden to those already struggling. Mental health conditions are not a matter of willpower or a choice; they are legitimate medical conditions that require understanding, support, and often professional treatment.

Comparing mental health to a fleeting mood overlooks conditions like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder; these are influenced by a combination of biological, genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Just as we wouldn’t expect someone to “get over” a physical illness like diabetes or heart disease without proper care, the same should hold true for mental health.

Support and empathy are essential when helping someone with a mental illness. Instead of telling them to “just get over it,” let’s encourage open conversations, offer a lending ear, and show patience. By understanding that mental health challenges are not a simple matter of willpower, we can create a more compassionate and inclusive society where individuals feel empowered to seek the help they deserve.

6 Misconception: Mental Health Is the Same as Mental Illness

A misconception we need to unlearn is the confusion between mental health and mental illness. These terms might sound similar, but they refer to distinct aspects of our psychological well-being. It’s like comparing physical fitness with a medical condition—they’re not the same thing.

Mental health encompasses the overall state of your mind, emotions, and psychological well-being. It’s about nurturing your mental resilience, managing stress, and maintaining a positive outlook on life. Just as we prioritize our physical health by exercising and eating well, we should actively cultivate our mental health through mindfulness, self-care, and seeking healthy social connections.

On the other hand, mental illness refers to specific conditions that affect a person’s thoughts, feelings, or behavior. Conditions like depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder fall under this category. Recognizing mental illness is crucial, as it requires appropriate diagnosis and treatment by mental health professionals.

By understanding the distinction between mental health and mental illness, we can better support ourselves and others. Just as we care for our bodies, we must also prioritize our mental well-being, practicing emotional hygiene and promoting open conversations about mental health.

5 Misconception: It’s Obvious When Someone Has a Mental Illness

In our journey toward understanding mental health, it’s crucial to debunk the misconception that a person with a mental illness can be easily identified at a glance. Contrary to popular belief, mental health struggles often don’t come with a visible sign or a one-size-fits-all appearance.

Mental health challenges manifest in numerous ways, some of which might not be immediately apparent. While some individuals might exhibit visible symptoms, like changes in behavior or mood, others may be adept at concealing their struggles behind a façade of normalcy. People with mental illnesses are skilled at adapting and masking their feelings, often due to stigma or fear of judgment.

Jumping to conclusions based on appearances can exacerbate the stigma around mental health. Instead, foster an environment of compassion and open communication. Encouraging meaningful conversations without making assumptions allows us to support one another without judgment.

4 Misconception: People with Mental Illness Are Often Violent & Dangerous

One of the most harmful misconceptions surrounding mental health is the unfounded belief that individuals dealing with mental illness are inherently violent and dangerous. This stereotype creates a sense of fear and isolation for those struggling with a mental illness.

In reality, most people with mental health conditions are not violent or dangerous. Mental illness encompasses many issues, from anxiety and depression to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. These conditions affect individuals differently and do not determine their capacity for violence.

People with mental health challenges are more likely to be victims of violence rather than perpetrators. The factors contributing to violent behavior are complex and involve various factors such as substance abuse, history of violence, and socio-economic conditions. Blaming mental illness as the sole cause oversimplifies the issue and unfairly paints all those who struggle with these conditions with the same brush.

We must challenge this misconception and replace it with empathy and understanding to foster a compassionate society. By acknowledging that mental health conditions do not equate to violence, we can create an environment where individuals are more comfortable seeking help and support without the added burden of judgment.

3 Misconception: Mental Illness Is Caused by Bad Parenting

The notion that mental illness is solely caused by bad parenting can unfairly burden parents and perpetuate stigma around mental health issues. In reality, the causes of mental illness are multifaceted and complex; blaming parents for their child’s mental health struggles oversimplifies a deeply intricate topic.

While upbringing and family dynamics shape a person’s emotional well-being, it is just one piece of the puzzle. Genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, traumatic experiences, and societal influences all contribute significantly to the development of mental health disorders. Labeling parents as the sole cause can discourage open conversations about mental health and create barriers to seeking help.

It’s essential to recognize that parents, like all individuals, are doing their best with the resources and knowledge they have. Placing blame on them can hinder the healing process for everyone involved. To promote understanding and empathy, we must shift away from this misconception and focus on fostering supportive environments that encourage open discussions about mental health.

2 Misconception: Mental Illness Is a Choice

We don’t choose to develop physical ailments like diabetes or asthma; individuals don’t choose to have mental health struggles. Mental illnesses are complex conditions that arise from genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. They are not a matter of personal preference or character flaws. This misconception can prevent individuals from seeking the help they desperately need.

Blaming individuals for their conditions only adds to their burden and hinders their path to recovery. We need to replace judgment with empathy and educate ourselves about the true nature of mental health. By dispelling the misconception that mental illness is a choice, we can create a more supportive and compassionate society where those in need feel safe to seek help without fear of judgment or blame.

1 Misconception: People with Mental Illness Can’t Handle Relationships

People with mental health challenges are just as capable of nurturing and maintaining meaningful connections as anyone else. Mental illness doesn’t define a person’s ability to love, care, and communicate effectively. In fact, many individuals living with mental health conditions have developed unique strengths and coping mechanisms that can enhance their relationships. These individuals often possess heightened empathy, resilience, and an increased capacity for understanding others’ struggles.

While it’s true that mental health issues might introduce certain challenges into relationships, it’s important to remember that every relationship faces its own set of hurdles. What truly matters is the willingness to seek support and work together to overcome difficulties. Just like physical health problems, mental health conditions can be managed and treated with the right care, therapy, and medication.

Encouraging open conversations about mental health within relationships can lead to deeper connections and greater emotional intimacy. Remember, a person’s mental health journey doesn’t determine their ability to love and connect. Individuals with mental illnesses can build strong and fulfilling relationships with empathy and support, proving this misconception utterly false.

Mental health is that important part of your health that you may not pay much attention to, or even think that you need to pay attention to at all. Some people still think of mental health as something so stigmatized that getting treatment means there’s something wrong with them.

But really, we’re talking about your brain, which — as you’re probably aware — is an organ of your body, and at the end of the day, mental health is just another part of your overall physical health. For this reason, it is important to understand the facts behind it, and to feel no shame if you need or want treatment. 

10. Electroshock Treatments Were Not Quite The Horror Show You May Think They Were 

In a lot of popular movies, it’s a common trope, when showing how horrible the old days of mental health treatment were, to treat the viewers to a montage of horrible abuses. Usually this includes people being restrained and beaten, or held under icy water, or of course, the classic: shocking them with electricity while they are awake to try to “shock” them back into good behavior. 

However, this is a misunderstanding of electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT. It did indeed see a fair amount of use back in the days of old timey mental health, but it was not known to have been done to people while they were conscious. The idea was to attempt to fix their brain imbalances by messing with the electrical signals in the brain and it was done under sedation and careful medical supervision. As for those who think this was still barbaric in some way, we would simply add that it is actually still used today sometimes to treat things like depression — again, under medical supervision and under sedation. 

9. Many Homeless People Are Mentally Ill And In Need Of Treatment 

Now, we want to start off by being clear that this doesn’t mean we are saying that homeless people should not be trusted with homes because they are all mentally ill, or that even mentally ill homeless people cannot necessarily be trusted with homes. Rather, it is important to understand that sometimes the problem is actually more complicated and requires more  action than simply affordable housing. 

Statistics on how many mentally ill people are homeless are going to be partially estimated as not everyone is even getting the treatment they need, but some sources put the number at as high as 30% of the homeless population. Some sources put this number as closer to 25%, but caution that this is still extremely bad, as the amount of  mentally ill people in the general population is closer to 5%. This means that for a good quarter of the homeless population, we need to provide better mental health services, and for some people, more community based intervention, along with affordable housing. 

8. There Is No Evidence That High Doses Of LSD Can Make You Permanently Delusional 

We have all heard it before: If you take too much LSD at once, or too many times, or both, you will become permanently delusional. Many people are so convinced of this they will argue it despite having no facts to back it up, and will even suggest that other psychedelics  don’t make you permanently insane, but that acid is somehow special that way. However, being the buzz killingtons that they are, scientists decided to go ahead and see if there was any truth to these claims. 

Unfortunately for those who hold a morbid fascination with the idea of LSD causing permanent insanity, the truth is that the evidence doesn’t back it up. In a study of 130,000 adults, scientists found zero evidence that the substance leads to permanent brain damage. So if it isn’t true, why do so many people believe it? Well, this all goes back to an old story about a guy who had a sheet of acid in his pocket and in some way or another, it got accidentally wet and he took all the acid at once. He then became so crazy from the acid that he thought he was a glass of orange juice for the rest of his life. As amusing as the story is, it is nothing more than an urban legend with nothing whatsoever to back it up. 

7. Vitamin-D Has A Link To Mental Health And Most People Are Deficient 

Vitamin D is something we get from sunlight, and the modern world just does not get as much of it naturally as we used to. For this reason, it has become more and more common for experts to recommend that people take vitamin D supplements even from a young age. And the truth is, they have very good reasons for being worried about the world’s Vitamin D intake. 

The best estimates of the world’s population suggest that roughly one billion of the seven billion plus people in the world have a serious deficiency, and about 50% of the world at least has less than they should be getting. The United States is also doing a bit worse than average, as about 35% of Americans are estimated to have a serious deficiency. This is important not just for our physical health, but for our mental health. It has been proven that Vitamin D deficiency has a link to depression, or at least depression-like symptoms. Now, we aren’t saying that going outside more and taking supplements will cure your depression, but it is an important part of our overall health that affects our mental well being as well. 

6. The Emotional  Support Of Cats And Dogs Helps People Live Longer 

If you live alone, it would actually be really good for your mental health if you have a cat or a dog. Unfortunately, your insurance almost certainly won’t cover the cost of the pet or its food. However, what it does mean is that you can make yourself a lot happier, and live a lot longer, if you adopt a furry pal and bond with them. Of course, this is something most pet owners have been proclaiming for years, but those inquisitive scientists have taken the time to prove it for you once and for all. 

A study designed to test the effectiveness of dogs at helping people who lived alone, especially those who were at risk, live longer, found that pooches were extremely helpful. Heart disease patients who lived with a dog were found to live 21% longer than the control group. As for cats, a 20 year study found that it wasn’t just living alone with them, but just having a cat around period gave people a 40% decreased risk of heart disease compared to the general population.

5. Many People Don’t Realize That Undiagnosed Celiac Can Manifest Mental Health Symptoms 

Celiac disease is still not greatly understood, and there is still a lot of debate about it. Some medical professionals argue whether celiac sensitivity is a real thing, or whether those who think they have a sensitivity but not full on celiac have a problem with something else in processed grains. Regardless, certainly more people than many once thought definitely have actual celiac disease, which can cause more than just bowel sensitivity and inflammation, but all sorts of other serious health problems, as it is an autoimmune disease. 

One thing celiac can do that many people are unaware of is that it can actually manifest mental health symptoms, including cognitive effects so debilitating at strong enough levels that it can mimic schizophrenia and cause misdiagnosis. However, it gets worse. While researchers caution it is just one study, they found that a high rate of adults who had been treated for celiac so they were no longer eating gluten, were still being treated for schizophrenia. This suggests that in some way, the schizophrenia symptoms may have been permanent, or the gluten may have triggered a latent disease. 

4. Mentally Ill People Are More Likely To Be Victims Than Victimizers 

It’s a common belief that mentally ill people are the ones most likely to do things like shoot up a workplace, or just go attack someone violently for no reason. There are a thousand legends about this, but this isn’t really how things work out in actuality. The actual facts show us that in most cases, the opposite is actually true. Studies on crime have proven time after time that mentally ill people are far more likely to be the victims of crime than they are the victimizers, and that this definitely includes violent crime as well. 

As for how much more likely mentally ill people are to be the victims, it may actually be more than you imagined. A ten year study in Denmark found that men who had been treated for mental illness were actually 50% more likely to be the victims of violent crime. As for women, as you might imagine it was even worse, with them being 64% more likely to be victims if they had been treated for a mental illness within the last 10 years. 

3. You Can Actually Use Too Much Serotonin 

Serotonin is the feel-good chemical that you often activate by using recreational drugs. However, it can also be triggered by using antidepressants, and even some medicines like over the counter cough syrup. Most people just think of it as a fun way to enjoy themselves more and have a way that they like to activate it in their brain, even if they have a way that doesn’t involve drugs. However, this substance can be used too much and put you in serious danger. 

Now, we aren’t saying that one recreational drug is likely to make this happen to you, but if you are taking prescriptions along with recreational drugs,or over the counter drugs and don’t know the interactions, it can happen quicker than you might think. As for how dangerous it can be, the answer is that it can kill you. It can cause your blood to clot irregularly, cause your heart to beat too fast or too slow and can also cause serious electrolyte imbalances. The fact it is literally trying to kill you may explain why so many people who have this happen to them have a feeling of doom. 

2. Experiments With Street Drugs For Mental Health Should Be Supervised By A Doctor 

Many people have heard that doctors are increasingly researching psychedelic drugs and other street drugs for use in therapeutic settings, and while this is true, it has unfortunately caused a number of people to think that they can now self medicate even more than they did before — or start doing so when they weren’t. Now the thing is, even the doctors testing this stuff recommend against this for a number of reasons, starting with the fact that they want to know what specific thing you have, so they can best figure out as a doctor what drug would be best for you along with what type of therapy.

However, there are some other reasons as well that are equally important. For starters, many drugs today are simply not safe, at least not without a very good testing kit that you would bet your lie on. More and more often drugs at festivals and clubs are being tested and found to contain fentanyl. Apart from instant death however, researchers also caution that the wrong drug could trigger a latent disorder in someone, and that the whole point of these studies that show the drugs helping involve using it in a therapeutic setting while talking to a trained psychiatric professional. 

1. The Lobotomy Was Probably Even Worse Than You Thought It Was 

Many have heard of the lobotomy, and how it was often used to treat people who had extremely bad mental health issues before we had pills. Many have also heard that it was usually performed by ramming an icepick behind someone’s eyeballs. Now, while this is mostly true, the full reality of it is actually far worse than you imagined. 

For starters, if someone was not careful, they could give you dementia, or epilepsy as side effects, or even a brain bleed or infection that will kill you. These are just the immediately dangerous effects of it going wrong though. The lobotomy was already known for decreasing people’s cognitive function, but if done wrong it could make you extremely mentally challenged. 

However, even if things went right, you could expect some pretty unhappy outcomes. People could expect anywhere from mild cognitive impairment to having the mind of a child again, and incontinence was common. And, while patients often did have a reduction in their mental health symptoms, they often reported feeling a flat affect or apathy as well. Unfortunately, this still isn’t the worst of it. While it is true it was often used for serious diseases, it was also being used as a trend fix for things like depression, anxiety, or hysteria (something you may recognize as a misogynistic disease that no longer exists ). As for the icepick, that was considered a more humane way to do it than the original, which involved drilling a hole into someone’s brain first. 

Mental health isn’t just a buzzword. It’s a very real part of our overall health. And if you’re struggling in this department, you’re not alone. But several coping mechanisms exist to help you manage stress, anxiety, and other mental health challenges.

Just remember that while coping skills can be a great supplement to therapy or other mental health treatments, they are not a replacement for a trained mental health professional if you need one. Pairing these techniques with professional help ensures you get the support and guidance you need to manage your mental health effectively.

Let’s explore the top ten best coping mechanisms for your mental health.

Related: Top 10 Ways Binge-Watching Is Ruining Your Health

10 Creative Expression

Creative expression allows you to explore and express your emotions in a healthy and constructive way. Whether through painting, drawing, writing, or dancing, creative expression is a powerful tool that can help you process your feelings and reduce stress.

If you’re new to creative expression, starting can be as simple as picking up a pen and paper and writing down your thoughts, drawing a picture, or dancing to your favorite song. You don’t need to be an expert or have formal training; just let your emotions guide you and allow yourself to be fully present in the moment.

Here’s how to get started with creative expression:

• Choose your medium—from painting and drawing to writing or dancing; pick a form of creative expression that resonates with you.

• Create a safe space—find a quiet and comfortable place to be alone and focus on your creative expression.

• Let go of expectations—don’t worry about creating something perfect or meaningful; just let your thoughts and emotions guide you.

• Be present in the moment—allow yourself to fully immerse in the creative process and let go of any distractions or worries.

9 Exercise

It’s time to dust off that gym membership you haven’t used since New Year’s.

When we engage in physical activity, our bodies release endorphins, natural chemicals that make us feel good. Exercise is not only great for our physical health but also for our mental health. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, and depression and improves mood.

Starting an exercise routine doesn’t have to be complicated. It can be as simple as going for a walk, taking a yoga class, or doing a home workout. The key is finding an activity you enjoy and can do consistently. Starting small and gradually increasing the intensity and duration of your exercise can also help you stick to it.

To get the most out of your exercise routine, make it a habit. Scheduling your workout time in your calendar, setting achievable goals, and tracking your progress can keep you motivated. It’s also important to listen to your body and give yourself rest days.

8 Mindfulness Meditation

Mindfulness meditation is a powerful technique that helps you become more aware of your thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations in the present moment. By cultivating this awareness, you can gain greater insight into your own patterns of thought and behavior and learn to respond to stress and difficult emotions more skillfully.

To start practicing mindfulness meditation, find a quiet and comfortable place to sit undisturbed for a few minutes. Close your eyes and focus on your breath, noticing the sensation of air moving in and out of your body. If your mind wanders, gently bring your attention back to your breath without judging yourself.

As you continue to practice, you can begin to expand your awareness of other physical sensations and thoughts that arise. Remember to approach these experiences with curiosity and openness rather than judgment or resistance.

7 Social Support

You don’t have to go through this by yourself—and you shouldn’t. Connect with others and receive emotional, informational, and tangible support. Whether through family, friends, or support groups, social support is a powerful tool that can help you reduce stress, build resilience, and improve your overall mental health.

Social support is an effective coping mechanism because it provides a sense of belonging and connectedness. It’s a chance for you to feel less isolated and alone. Involving other people in your mental health journey can motivate, encourage, and hold you accountable to stay on track with your goals and overcome challenges.

If you’re looking to build your social support, here are some tips to get you started:

• Identify your support system—consider who you can turn to for emotional support, advice, or practical help.

• Communicate your needs—be clear about what kind of support you need, and don’t be afraid to ask for help.

• Nurture your relationships—make time to connect with your support system regularly through phone calls, text messages, or in-person meetings.

• Be a supportive friend—remember that social support is a two-way street. Be there for your friends and loved ones when they need you, and offer your own support and encouragement.

6 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is one of the best coping mechanisms for mental health because it helps you identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors contributing to your mental health struggles. CBT is a goal-oriented and structured approach that focuses on the present moment and helps you develop effective coping strategies to manage your symptoms.

If you want to start CBT, find a licensed therapist specializing in this approach. Together, you’ll work to identify your negative thought patterns and behaviors and develop practical skills and strategies to manage your symptoms.

Here’s a short guide to starting CBT:

• Identify your goals—think about what you’d like to achieve through therapy and share this with your therapist.

• Develop a plan—work with your therapist to develop a plan of action.

• Identify negative thought patterns—learn to identify negative thoughts and beliefs contributing to your symptoms.

• Challenge negative thoughts—practice challenging and reframing negative thoughts to reduce your impact on your mental health.

• Develop coping strategies—work with your therapist to develop practical coping strategies to manage your symptoms in challenging situations.

5 Sleep Hygiene

This is not the time to skimp on sleep. Sleep hygiene refers to practices and habits that promote restful sleep. Poor sleep quality can seriously impact our mental well-being (hello, increased stress, anxiety, and depression!). But good sleep hygiene can help us get the rest needed to manage our emotions and maintain a positive outlook.

Quality sleep is essential for our bodies and minds to recover from the day’s stresses. When we sleep, our brain consolidates memories, processes emotions, and regulates our mood. Without sufficient sleep, we are more vulnerable to negative thoughts and emotions, making it difficult to cope with daily challenges.

To start improving your sleep hygiene, try implementing some of the following practices:

• Set a consistent sleep schedule—go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends.

• Create a relaxing bedtime routine—wind down before bed with relaxing activities such as reading, meditation, or a warm bath.

• Limit exposure to screens—avoid using electronic devices such as phones, tablets, or computers before bedtime.

• Create a comfortable sleep environment—keep your bedroom cool, dark, and quiet.

• Exercise regularly—physical activity can help promote restful sleep.

4 Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Progressive muscle relaxation is a powerful technique to manage stress and anxiety, reducing the muscle tension that comes with them. It works by systematically tensing and relaxing each muscle group in the body, helping to release physical and emotional tension.

When we experience stress or anxiety, our muscles tend to become tense and tight, which can cause physical discomfort and make our mental state worse. By consciously tightening and relaxing each muscle group, we can release this tension and create a sense of physical relaxation.

Here’s a short guide to practicing progressive muscle relaxation:

1. Find a quiet and comfortable place where you won’t be disturbed.

2. Close your eyes and take a few deep breaths, focusing on your breath as you inhale and exhale.

3. Start at the top of your head and work your way down your body, tensing and then relaxing each muscle group for a few seconds.

4. Take a few deep breaths between each muscle group, allowing yourself to fully relax and release any tension.

5. Once you’ve completed the entire sequence, take a few moments to breathe deeply and reflect on how you feel.

3 Positive Self-Talk

Be kind to yourself—you’re going through a lot right now.

Positive self-talk involves intentionally replacing self-criticism with positive and encouraging statements, improving self-esteem, boosting confidence, and reducing anxiety and depression. One of the reasons positive self-talk is such an effective coping mechanism is that it can help shift our mindset from self-doubt and negativity to self-love and positivity.

Here’s a short guide to practicing positive self-talk:

1. Start by becoming aware of your negative self-talk. Notice when you’re being self-critical and pay attention to the words and phrases you use.

2. Challenge your negative self-talk by asking yourself if it’s true. Often, negative self-talk is based on irrational or unfounded beliefs.

3. Replace negative self-talk with positive statements. For example, if you think “I’m not good enough,” replace it with “I am capable and deserving of success.”

4. Practice positive self-talk regularly, especially when you’re feeling down or stressed. Repeat positive affirmations to yourself throughout the day to reinforce positive thinking.

2 Box Breathing

Box breathing, also known as square breathing, is a simple breathing technique to improve overall mental health. It involves taking slow and deep breaths, using a specific pattern of inhaling, holding, exhaling, and holding.

Box breathing helps regulate our nervous system, calming our mind and reducing the physiological response to stress. When we experience stress or anxiety, our body’s natural fight-or-flight response is triggered, causing an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and shallow breathing. By consciously slowing down our breathing and taking deeper breaths, we can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes relaxation and a sense of calm.

Here’s a short guide to practicing box breathing:

1. Find a quiet and comfortable place where you won’t be disturbed.

2. Sit comfortably and take a few deep breaths, focusing on your breath as you inhale and exhale.

3. Begin by inhaling slowly and deeply through your nose for a count of four.

4. Hold your breath for a count of four.

5. Exhale slowly and completely through your mouth for a count of four.

6. Hold your breath for a count of four.

7. Repeat this cycle for several minutes, gradually increasing the duration of each count as you become more comfortable.

1 Gratitude Practices

Gratitude isn’t just for Thanksgiving. It’s an excellent coping mechanism for mental health. Focusing By focusing on gratitude, we can shift our perspective and cultivate a positive mindset. One reason gratitude practices are so effective is that they help us appreciate what we have rather than strive for more.

A way to practice gratitude is to take a few moments each day to reflect on what you are grateful for. This could be anything from a warm cup of tea in the morning to a supportive friend or a beautiful sunset. Another way to practice gratitude is to keep a gratitude journal, where you write down three things you are grateful for each day.

Here’s a guide to practicing gratitude:

1. Find a quiet and comfortable place to relax and focus on your thoughts.

2. Take a few deep breaths and reflect on what you are grateful for.

3. Write down three things you are grateful for, focusing on the feelings of appreciation and positivity that come with each item.

4. Take a moment to appreciate what you have written down and feel the gratitude and positivity they bring.