We often glide through daily life without a second thought about the brilliant minds behind the gadgets we rely on. In this roundup of 10 inventors you probably haven’t heard of, we’ll dive into the daring experiments, stubborn setbacks, and triumphant breakthroughs that gave us everything from steam power to the hovercraft.

10 Inventors You Should Know

1. Thomas Newcomen First Practical Steam Engine

Thomas Newcomen, an enterprising ironmonger from Dartmouth, tackled the costly problem of using horses to pump water from tin mines by adapting James Watt’s early engine concepts into a workable steam pump. Together with his assistant John Calley, he spent over a decade refining the design, eventually surpassing Thomas Savery’s earlier, unreliable pump.

The Newcomen engine operated by allowing steam pressure to push a piston downward, while the resulting condensation created a vacuum inside the cylinder. A system of alternating valves let steam and water flow in a continuous cycle, delivering a steady, dependable lift for water.

This breakthrough solved the long‑standing drainage issue and spurred a wave of installations, cementing the steam engine’s place in industrial history. As a bonus, a brief self‑promo appears at the end: Hi, I’m Sam. I’m a freelance videographer exploring writing, coding, and photography. Check out my site at www.swipe.co.uk, Facebook @samswipestudios, and Twitter @SamPennSimkins.

2. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Calculus

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is often celebrated for inventing differential and integral calculus, though the credit is shared with Isaac Newton. To fund his research, Leibniz built a calculating machine and demonstrated it to the Royal Society during a 1673 visit to London.

By 1675, he had formalized the core principles of calculus, laying the groundwork for modern mathematics. Today, calculus enables precise tracking of spacecraft trajectories and can predict structural failures, such as a dam bursting under excessive pressure.

With the advent of computers, solving calculus problems has become far more efficient than the painstaking manual methods of the 17th century, and the subject remains a gateway for anyone pursuing scientific studies.

3. Trevor Baylis Wind‑Up Radio

English inventor Trevor Baylis was inspired in 1991 after a TV documentary highlighted the AIDS crisis in Africa. He wondered why wind‑up record players existed but not wind‑up radios, and set out to create a clockwork‑driven radio powered by a coiled spring—much like the mechanisms in traditional clocks.

His first prototype ran for roughly 14 minutes, earning him a spot on the BBC’s Tomorrow’s World in 1994. By 1995, Baylis founded BayGen Power Industries in Cape Town, employing disabled workers to produce the radios.

A 1997 redesign made the device lighter, portable, and capable of an hour of playback after just 20 seconds of winding. An added solar panel allowed for completely self‑sufficient operation, and Baylis’s invention garnered numerous awards for its humanitarian impact.

4. Guglielmo Marconi Radio

Italian pioneer Guglielmo Marconi built upon the discoveries of Heinrich Hertz and James Clerk Maxwell, conducting his first radio experiments in 1894 on his family’s estate near Bologna. By 1895 he could transmit signals up to 1.6 km (one mile) away using simple gear: an induction coil, Morse key, and a coherer detector.

Facing little support from the Italian government, Marconi moved to England in 1896, where he met Sir William Preece, chief engineer of the Post Office. Though some accounts suggest he initially approached the Secretary of State for War about radio‑controlled torpedoes, his true breakthrough came in 1901 when he received a trans‑Atlantic signal in St. John’s, Newfoundland, sent from Poldhu, Cornwall.

This historic reception launched the era of radio broadcasting, laying the foundation for the global communications network we still rely on today.

5. John Logie Baird Television

Engineer‑turned‑inventor John Logie Baird endured early hardship, becoming penniless at 35 after several failed ventures. In 1923 he began developing a device that could transmit moving images and accompanying sound via radio waves.

By 1924 Baird successfully televised simple outlines, and in 1925 he produced recognizable human faces. A public demonstration of moving objects at London’s Royal Institution followed in 1926, and the German post office funded a television service for him in 1929.

When the BBC launched its own service in 1936, Baird’s system competed with Marconi’s EM‑I technology. The BBC ultimately chose Marconi’s approach in 1937, but Baird’s pioneering work remains the cornerstone of modern television.

6. Heinrich Hertz Radar

German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved the reality of electromagnetism, confirming James Clerk Maxwell’s 1865 theory. While teaching at Karlsruhe Polytechnic between 1885 and 1889, he conducted experiments that generated and measured electromagnetic waves, showing they behaved like light and heat.

In 1888 Hertz designed a setup where an electrical circuit sparked across a pair of metal rods, producing pulses that were detected by a distant circuit. This experiment marked the first successful transmission and reception of radio waves.

Tragically, Hertz died at just 36, never witnessing Guglielmo Marconi’s later achievements in long‑distance radio communication.

7. Charles Babbage The Computer

While studying mathematics at Cambridge, Charles Babbage set out to create a mechanical table capable of calculating logarithms with pinpoint accuracy. This ambition led to the 1820s “Difference Engine,” a prototype that demonstrated automated computation to eager audiences.

Babbage also envisioned a more sophisticated “Difference Engine 2,” convincing the British government to invest £17,000—an enormous sum for the era—and contributing another £6,000 of his own money.

Although the project never reached completion, Babbage’s visionary designs earned him the title “grandfather of the modern computer,” cementing his legacy as a true pioneer of computing.

8. Peter Durand Tin Can

Peter Durand secured the first patent for the tin can, building on French inventor Nicolas Appert’s earlier method of preserving food in glass jars through sterilization. Durand adapted this technique to metal, placing food inside a sealed tin container, heating it in water, and then resealing it.

The idea originated from French engineer Philippe de Girard, who relayed the concept to Durand and acted as his patent agent. Despite Girard’s involvement, only Durand’s name appeared on the 1810 patent granted by King George III.

Durand’s innovation revolutionized food preservation, paving the way for the modern canned goods industry we rely on today.

9. Frank Whittle The Jet Engine

During his time at the Royal Air Force College, Frank Whittle penned a forward‑thinking paper titled “Future Developments in Aircraft Design,” predicting aircraft capable of exceeding 800 km/h (500 mph) using jet propulsion instead of propellers.

After the Air Ministry dismissed his ideas, Whittle founded Power Jets Ltd. in 1936 while studying at Cambridge. He filed patents for both turbojet and turbofan engines, conducting the first ground test on 12 April 1937.

Four years later, in May 1941, his engine powered the Gloster E28/39 aircraft, proving its superiority. Whittle’s design remains the foundation for the jet engines that propel most modern airplanes.

10. Christopher Cockerell The Hovercraft

Christopher Cockerell’s fascination with hovercraft began after scientists demonstrated a rudimentary prototype that floated on a cushion of air, yet leaked rapidly from its sides. He solved this by inventing an “air wall” that trapped the cushion, preventing escape.

To prove his concept, Cockerell placed a cat‑food tin inside a coffee tin and pumped air between them using a vacuum cleaner, effectively creating a sealed air pocket.

Patented in 1955, his hovercraft successfully completed a test run along England’s south coast four years later. The vehicle proved invaluable for traversing diverse terrains—rivers, deserts, and poorly maintained roads—especially in regions lacking conventional infrastructure.

The 10 forgotten inventors highlighted below changed the course of history with ideas that still power our daily lives, even if their names rarely appear in textbooks. From the humble barbed wire that fenced the American West to the first moving images that birthed cinema, each of these visionaries left an indelible mark on the modern world.

10 Joseph Glidden

Barbed wire proved to be a game‑changer during America’s westward push. By turning open, untamed prairie into fenced, manageable property, it gave ranchers a way to herd livestock and farmers a shield for crops. The invention accelerated the end of the open‑range era, ushered in large‑scale agriculture, and made it far easier to enforce property rights across the sprawling frontier.

Joseph Glidden, an Illinois farmer‑turned‑entrepreneur, is credited with perfecting the first practical barbed‑wire design in 1874. After years of tinkering, he wrapped two steel wires together and added sharp barbs at regular intervals. Glidden patented the concept that year, mass‑produced it, and soon the distinctive clink of his wire could be heard on farms and ranches throughout the West, cementing his place as one of America’s most successful inventors and businessmen.

9 Martin Cooper

Martin Cooper, an American engineer, is often hailed as the “father of the cellular phone” because his work set the stage for today’s smartphones. In 1973 he led the team that built the Motorola DynaTAC, the world’s first handheld mobile phone, fundamentally reshaping how humanity communicates across distances.

Cooper’s telecom career began in the 1950s with stints at Teletype Corporation and Motorola. By the late 1960s he was already sketching concepts for a truly portable telephone—one that could let users step away from a fixed line and make calls from virtually anywhere.

On April 3, 1973, Cooper placed the inaugural call from a DynaTAC to Joel Engel at AT&T, proving the device worked in the real world. Though the DynaTAC would later become the first commercially available cell phone, its steep price kept it out of most hands for years, delaying mass adoption until technology and costs finally caught up.

8 Mary Anderson

The windshield wiper, now a staple of automotive safety, was first imagined by Mary Anderson in 1902 after she noticed drivers constantly stopping to brush snow, rain, and debris from their windshields—a risky and time‑consuming habit.

Anderson’s prototype featured a lever inside the cabin that moved a rubber blade across the glass, allowing the driver to clear the view without leaving the seat. She secured a patent for her invention in 1903, yet many car makers initially dismissed the idea, believing a wiper unnecessary. Over time they proved wrong; today wipers are standard on virtually every vehicle worldwide. Anderson’s contribution earned her a 2011 induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and numerous other accolades.

7 Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel

The mechanical metronome—essential for musicians keeping steady tempo—was born in the early 1800s thanks to Dutch clockmaker Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel. His 1814 “musical chronometer” used a pendulum whose speed could be altered by sliding a weight, giving performers a reliable way to mark beats.

Winkel never patented his device, and the credit initially fell to German inventor Johann Nepomuk Maelzel, who copied the design and marketed it under his own name. Maelzel’s savvy promotion turned the metronome into a household name, even earning the moniker “Maelzel Metronome.” Beethoven was among the first composers to adopt metronome markings, and today the device standardizes tempo across musical genres. Modern recognition finally restores Winkel as the true originator of this rhythm‑keeping marvel.

6 Henry Blair

Henry Blair, an African‑American farmer, earned a patent in 1836 for a revolutionary corn planter. While details of his early life remain hazy, historians believe he was a freedman, as enslaved people were barred from filing patents at the time.

Before Blair’s invention, planting corn required labor‑intensive hand‑digging of holes and manually dropping seeds—an exhausting process. His horse‑drawn machine could sow seeds in neat, straight rows across large fields, dramatically boosting planting speed and efficiency.

The impact was profound: farmers could now plant corn quickly and with far less effort, driving up yields, lowering food prices, and paving the way for broader mechanization of agriculture—an essential catalyst for America’s early industrial growth.

5 Peter Durand

British merchant Peter Durand secured a patent for the tin can in 1810, a breakthrough that dramatically improved food preservation. Prior to his work, perishable goods could only be stored briefly and in limited quantities, hampering long‑distance transport.

Durand’s design sealed food inside a tin container using a soldered lead plug, creating an airtight vessel that kept contents edible for far longer periods. This innovation enabled food to travel great distances, spurred the creation of new products, and opened the door for modern canned goods that dominate today’s grocery shelves.

4 John Harrison

Before the marine chronometer, sailors struggled to determine longitude at sea, relying on celestial navigation and dead reckoning—methods vulnerable to weather and human error. The resulting navigation mishaps caused countless shipwrecks, prompting the British government in the 18th century to offer a £20,000 prize for a reliable solution.

Self‑taught carpenter John Harrison answered the call by inventing a series of precision clocks, beginning in 1735, that kept accurate time aboard ships. His chronometers let mariners calculate longitude with unprecedented precision, dramatically improving safety and efficiency on the high seas. The success of Harrison’s clocks boosted global trade and helped fuel the expansion of the British Empire.

3 Garrett A. Morgan

Born March 4, 1877, in Paris, Kentucky, Garrett Augustus Morgan was an African‑American inventor whose creations dramatically improved public safety. He devised both a gas mask and a three‑position traffic signal—devices that have saved countless lives over the past century.

Patented in 1914, Morgan’s gas mask featured a hood and a breathing tube that filtered out harmful chemicals and smoke, protecting firefighters, police officers, and other first responders during dangerous incidents.

His three‑position traffic signal, patented in 1923, introduced the now‑familiar red‑yellow‑green arrangement, helping to regulate traffic flow and reduce collisions on increasingly busy roadways worldwide.

2 Ada Lovelace

Ada Lovelace, born Augusta Ada Byron in 1815 London, is celebrated as the world’s first computer programmer. Daughter of poet Lord Byron and a mathematically inclined mother, she possessed a natural talent for numbers and scientific thinking from an early age.

Working with Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine—a theoretical calculating machine—Lovelace wrote what is widely regarded as the first algorithm intended for machine execution. She also demonstrated that such a device could manipulate symbols beyond mere numbers, envisioning applications like music composition. Her pioneering work laid the conceptual groundwork for modern computing.

1 Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge, a British photographer and inventor, made indispensable contributions to the birth of motion pictures in the late 19th century. He pioneered stop‑motion photography, capturing a series of still images that, when displayed rapidly, created the illusion of movement.

His most famous series documented the gallop of horses, using a line of cameras triggered sequentially as the animals raced. Muybridge then built a zoopraxiscope—a device that projected the images in quick succession—producing what is considered the first true motion picture. His innovations opened the door to visual storytelling, ultimately giving rise to the entire film industry we know today.

Two of the names on this list are well-known. However, the others are lesser-known but no less as important. All these inventions, potentially dangerous in themselves, have saved lives, often many, and attracted great attention thanks to the extreme, perilous tests the inventors themselves undertook to prove the safety of their inventions.

10 Elisha Otis

Despite a series of jobs in various businesses, Elisha Otis (1811–1861) never met with much success until 1853, when he thrilled onlookers during an event described as “a dramatic demonstration.”

Riding an open platform up a scaffold resembling the framework of a gigantic guillotine, Otis stood, among barrels and crates, gazing down at the crowd that had assembled to watch the show. People were suspicious of the safety of elevators, fearing that such contraptions might fall, injuring or killing their occupants. Otis’s demonstration would dispel such worries—if he survived.

As the assembly looked on, Otis struck the rope attached to the elevator with an ax, severing it. Surely, in the resulting fall, he would be severely injured, if not killed, the horrified crowd must have thought.

Instead, Otis proved the efficacy of his brake: his safety system worked. Even with the rope severed, the brake prevented the lift from plunging to its destruction and Otis’s injury or death. The public was persuaded that elevators equipped with his invention were safe, and Otis installed his first passenger-carrying safety elevator in a New York department store four years later.

According to Big Ideas That Changed the World, 1.7 million Otis elevators are in service worldwide, not only in skyscrapers but also in such famous landmarks as the Eiffel Tower and the Statue of Liberty.^[1]

9 Jonas Salk

“History of Salk: About Jonas Salk,” a 2002 article on the Salk Institute for Biological Studies website, recounts how Dr. Salk (1914–1995) developed and tested the vaccine that has virtually eradicated polio.

As an assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan, Salk learned from his mentor, Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr., about the process of developing vaccines. Then, as the director of the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Salk put his knowledge to use, developing a vaccine against the polio virus.

His approach, using an inactivated polio virus to stimulate vaccine recipients’ immunity systems, was “contrary to the era’s prevailing scientific opinion.” There was also concern that such an approach might infect those who received immunizations, causing severe illness or even death. To test his vaccine and to allay the public’s fears, Salk vaccinated himself, his wife, their children, his lab assistant, and “volunteers who had not had polio.”

His test was a success, as were those conducted in 1954 on “one million children, ages six to nine,.. .known as the Polio Pioneers.” Salk refused to patent the vaccine or accept money for it, “preferring it [to] be distributed as widely as possible.” In 1963, he founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California.^[2]

8 Garrett Morgan

Among other devices, Garrett Morgan (1877–1963), the son of former slaves, not only invented the “three-way traffic signal” but also a fireproof “safety hood.” According to an article on the America Comes Alive website, Morgan was aware that firefighters could fight fires inside buildings only until they were nearly overcome by smoke. After that, they would have to go outside for fresh air, unable to continue their fight against the fire until they recovered.

In a fire, Morgan knew that breathable air was close to the floor since air warmed by the fire would rise. He reasoned that if he could find a way to draw this air into a “breathing mask” worn by a firefighter, the firefighter could remain inside the burning building longer. As the website article explains, “the safety hood he created had two tubes. One sent fresher air from the floor level up into the breathing mask. The second used a valve to prevent the exhaled air from being inhaled again.”

In 1914. aided by investors, Morgan founded the National Safety Device Company to make and sell the fire safety hoods. A gold medal awarded at the Second International Exposition of Safety and Sanitation boosted sales, with New York City’s fire department and others purchasing the device. The hoods proved safe to use during a subway fire rescue.

In 1916, a much more impressive test of the hoods occurred involving the inventor himself and his brother. Cleveland Waterworks laborers were working in a tunnel when an explosion occurred, trapping some and killing others. Two attempts to rescue them failed when overcome by dense smoke and gases, four members of the initial seven-member rescue team died, and the second, eleven-member team was trapped inside the tunnel.

Morgan and his brother Frank tested the mettle of his invention when they joined the rescue effort, donning Morgan’s safety hoods. Among the dead men, the brothers located and rescued the earlier “rescue squad members who were still living.” As a result of their participation, “the Morgan brothers, aided by several volunteers, made additional multiple trips into the mine, rescuing workers one by one. Unfortunately, none of the original 11 workers could have survived as the tunnel had collapsed on them. It was several weeks before those bodies could be retrieved.”

As the website article notes, “the gas masks that were made for use in World War I were modeled after Morgan’s safety hood.”^[3]

7 Steve Gass

Steve Gass bet one of his own fingers that his invention, SawStop, would really work. A U.S. patent lawyer, inventor, and a woodworker with a Ph.D. in physics, Gass was aware that table saws cut off operators’ fingers up to ten times a day. He wanted to create a safety feature to prevent more people from undergoing this horrific, traumatic experience.

Gass’s SawStop differentiates between flesh and wood because the former conducts electricity while the latter does not. Gass’s SawStop “induces a high-frequency electrical signal on the blade of a table saw and monitors this signal for changes caused by contact between the blade and a user’s body.” When a change in the electrical signal is detected, SawStop can halt the saw blade “in 1/1000th of a second or less” by forcing “a brake into the teeth of the blade.”

Gass’s video demonstration of SawStop at work proves his invention’s effectiveness. He stuck his own finger into the saw, and he came away unscathed, his finger undamaged and intact. With neither blood nor pain to show for his trouble, Gass succeeded in demonstrating that, as the video’s narrator comments, he is, indeed, “a man who has faith in his creation.” ^[4]

6 Troy Hurtubise

AIR staff writer Alice Shirrell Kaswell reported that Troy Hurtubise (1963–2001), dressed in the Ursus Mark VI suit of armor, went head-to-head, or “mano a ursus,” with a reluctant 585-kilogram (1,290-pound) adult Kodiak bear. The predator (the bear, not Hurtubise) was leery of his adversary because “Troy Hurtubise looked so scary in his suit.” Only after ten minutes did the Kodiak bear approach him, Kaswell says, while a 157-kilogram (346-pound) grizzly showed no inclination whatsoever to fight the inventor.

When the Kodiak bear finally mustered enough courage to come after Hurtubise, and he “could smell [the animal’s] breath through [his] helmet,” the inventor of the virtually indestructible body shell admitted that he felt terrified and his heart began pounding. The bear’s trainer intervened, refusing to allow a fight between the inventor and the Kodiak bear.

However, the trainer did let Hurtubise enter the grizzly bear’s cage, confident, Hurtubise said, “that even if he took me down, she wouldn’t be able to penetrate the suit, even if she tried all day.” The grizzly was too scared to do anything more but stand “on his hind legs and [bare his] bicuspids.” Since Hurtubise had invented his suit “specifically for grizzly bears, and not Kodiaks, a behemoth subspecies,” he felt vindicated.

An episode of the American TV series Extra, demonstrating the near-invincibility of his suit, made of titanium plastic, rubber, and chain mail, is certainly impressive. Looking something like an oversize robot in his armor, Hurtubise is struck repeatedly in the head with a large stick until it breaks against his helmet.

The results of some of the challenges of his suit were equally impressive. The blast of a 12-gauge shotgun bounces harmlessly off his midriff. A three-hundred-pound log attached to chains and “launched dead center at his chest” merely knocks him down. A three-ton truck traveling at thirty miles per hour runs into him and knocks him down, causing him to roll over the ground. Finally, he throws himself down a ravine, tumbling to the bottom without a scratch.

It seemed doubtful that a grizzly could have put the preservationist to any more of a test than those he’d already passed with flying colors.^[5]

5 George Stephenson

On May 25, 1812, a massive explosion occurred inside the Low Main seam at the Felling Colliery between Gateshead and Jarrow in County Durham, UK, when an “ignition of fire-damp” triggered a coal dust explosion so devastating that it “was heard up to 4 miles away.” Ninety-two lives were lost. As a result, George Stephenson (1781–1848), a mechanic who had worked as a firefighter and a brakeman, started experimenting with a safety lamp that could employ a naked flame without igniting an explosion.

The result was his Gordie Lamp. Based on the containment of “burnt air above the flame, and [the permitting of] the firedamp to come in below in a small quantity to be burnt as it came in,” the lamp proved successful. This was especially true after a flaw (“glass breakage”) was overcome when safety glass was later invented.

As his biography reveals, George Stephenson, the inventor himself, in the company of two witnesses, Nicholas Wood and John Moodie, descended into the Killingworth mine shaft, carrying Stephenson’s lamp “to one of the galleries.” These structures were built to contain and isolate highly explosive carbureted hydrogen, so it would not spread into other areas of the mine. There, he found, hissing gas was issuing into the gallery from a fissure in the roof. Despite the presence of the dense gas, the lamp had not caused an explosion.

To test the lamp further, the gas was “collected” inside a “partition” so that it would be even more “liable to ignition.” Both Wood and Moodie, judging the demonstration to be extremely dangerous, retreated to safety, where they watched Stephenson advance, his lamp lit, to “within a few inches of the fissure,” where the current of gas extinguished the lamp’s flame “without exploding the foul air which surrounded the lamp.”

Stephenson had proved, beyond a doubt, that he had invented a safety lamp that was, indeed, safe to use, even in a mine shaft polluted with flammable gas.^[6]

4 Sir Humphry Davy

Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1828) invented several products, including a safety lamp, but he personally tested an early anesthetic procedure that he recommended. As an article on The Public Domain Review website explains, “the young English chemist and inventor and future president of the Royal Society began a very radical bout of self-experimentation to determine the effects of inhaling nitrous oxide, more commonly known as ‘Laughing Gas.’”

His assistant, Dr. Kinglake, and Davy collected gas from heated ammonium nitrate crystals in “a green oiled-silk bag.” After passing the bag through steam to remove impurities, Davy inhaled the purified gas through a mouthpiece. He seemed delighted by the results, describing the effects of the gas as exciting “giddiness, flushed cheeks, intense pleasure,” and, in the inventor’s own words, “sublime emotion connected with highly vivid ideas.”

He so enjoyed the experiment that he repeated it numerous times, even going as far as constructing what he called an “air-tight breathing box’” in which he would sit for hours inhaling enormous quantities of gas, having even more intense experiences. One of these sessions nearly cost him his life, but the danger associated with breathing the gas didn’t prevent him from sharing it with such friends as the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey. The poets, likewise, recorded their experiences, which Davy collected, along with his own, and published in 1800 as Researches, Chemical and Philosophical.

In 1800, Davy recognized the gas’s “analgesic properties, named it nitrous oxide,” and, despite his near-death from having abused the gas, recommended its medical use to relieve the pain of surgery.^[7]

3 Richard Davis

A Detroit mugging led Richard Davis to invent a new “concealable lightweight body armor.” At the time, only flack jackets were available, and criminals could tell, from the bulky appearance of the jackets, that a police officer was wearing the protective gear. Instead of firing at the officer’s chest, the criminal would shoot the officer in the head.

After inventing his thin, lightweight, concealable, metal-free body armor, Davis demonstrated its effectiveness. First, he laid the vest on the ground and shot it with a handgun. Then, he mounted the vest on a post and shot it with a rifle. The body armor passed both tests, but Davis had a third, potentially fatal, test in mind as well.

Donning the gear, he held a handgun toward his abdomen, only inches away, and shot himself before spinning around and firing the weapon at bowling pins lined up on a table to his left. The gunshot, he said, stung “enough to make you mad” and broke the skin, but he was otherwise unharmed.

His invention’s tightly layered nylon with multiple interlaced fibers proved effective, creating “a mesh so dense it dissipates the explosive energy,” preventing the bullet from penetrating the weave. He repeated his demonstration 200 times. The first time, he said, was for science, but “the next two hundred [were] for show business.”

As Professor David Eisenbach, Columbia University historian, noted, Davis had not put his “money where [his] mouth is, but “his life where [his] mouth is.”^[8]

2 Jeremiah Raber

While Davis protected the heart (and other vital organs), Jeremiah Raber protected the family jewels. As Ben Hooper observes, Raber took “a bullet to the groin to prove [his] athletic cup’s strength.” His product, the aptly named Nutzshell groin protector, was originally designed for Ultimate Fighting Championship combatants.”

It seems that, like Davis, the Missouri inventor knew the need for publicity and, to promote his Kickstarter campaign to fund the production of his product, he was prepared to put his cup and his own good name to the test by participating in a live, filmed demonstration in which his business partner—an avid hunter—Matt Heck shot a .22-caliber rifle at his groin while Raber sported one of their products. “Don’t try this at home,” Raber warns viewers.

With Raber’s blue jeans and fly unbuttoned and Raber holding the front of the waist apart, Heck, using transparent tape, forms an “X” over the athletic cup. Then, lying on the ground, behind a tripod-mounted rifle set atop a flat stone, Heck aims at his target. Then, Raber, wearing protective goggles, a bulletproof vest, and protective headgear gives him a two-thumbs-up gesture. Finally, the crack of the rifle shot is heard, and the screen goes dark.

As filming resumes, Raber is shown, jeans halfway down his thighs, adjusting the undamaged cup made of ballistic Kevlar. The video then shows the actual shot, as a bullet flicks harmlessly off the surface of the cup, which bounces slightly upon the bullet’s impact. As might be expected, puns abound in the narrator’s account of the demonstration.^[9]

1 Nicolas Senn

As James E. Pilcher notes in his peer-reviewed September 1888 article in Annals of Surgery, “The fertile mind of Professor Senn is notable for the originality of its conceptions.” One of these conceptions was Nicolas Senn’s (1844–1908) invention of a procedure to diagnose intestinal perforation. The idea occurred to him when Senn realized that a stomach or intestine wound could be discovered using a process similar to that by which “a plumber locates a leak in a gas pipe.”

Senn hit on the idea of inflating the intestines with a harmless “gas which would escape from the intestinal wound into the peritoneal cavity,” thus making its presence known to the surgeon using “some infallible test.” As a result of several experiments, Senn determined that a rubber balloon holding from 10 to 20 liters (2 to 4 gallons) would be the most efficient and safest instrument for “blowing the gas throughout the bowels for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.”

One test subject was Senn himself, who discovered, personally, the physical sensations associated with having the gas blown throughout his intestines. He makes careful, detailed notes concerning his perceptions: “The distention of the colon caused simply a feeling of distention along its course. But as soon as the gas escaped into the ileum, colicky pains were experienced, which increased as insufflation advanced, and only ceased after all the gas had escaped, which was the case only after an hour and a half.” The experience, he observed, was distressing. However, his experiments, both on dogs and humans, himself included, “fully demonstrated the safety of pure hydrogen gas when employed in this manner.”

The infallible test by which the location of the perforation of the intestine was made known was provided by the escape of gas through the wound, which produced bubbles. To tell whether the escaping gas was hydrogen, it was ignited, after which the gas would produce “a slight explosive report, and burn with a characteristic blue flame.” The application of a match or lit candle to the escaping gas—a sure sign of the presence of a perforation in the intestine—has the added advantage of sterilizing the wound, making the process both “diagnostic and therapeutic.”^[10]