Welcome to a grim yet fascinating tour of the top 10 international murder mysteries that unfolded roughly a hundred years ago. Across continents, these baffling killings never saw a conviction, and the perpetrators have long since faded into oblivion. Yet the eerie details continue to captivate true‑crime aficionados, scholars, and anyone who enjoys a good, shivery story.

Why the Top 10 International Cases Remain Fascinating

From saloon‑strewn Wild West towns to bustling European boulevards, each case offers a unique window into the social, political, and cultural forces of its era. Whether it was a disgruntled lover, a jealous rival, or shadowy state actors, the motives remain as tangled as the clues left behind. As we count down, you’ll discover how history, rumor, and speculation have kept these cold cases alive in the public imagination.

10 Al Swearengen

Fans of the gritty TV drama Deadwood will instantly picture Al Swearengen as the foul‑mouthed proprietor of the notorious Gem Theater brothel. The series left viewers hanging, as its cancellation meant we never learned the ultimate fate of Swearengen and his cohorts.

Swearengen abandoned Deadwood in 1899 after the Gem burned down for a second time, relocating to Oskaloosa, Iowa, to stay with relatives. For decades the prevailing story was that a destitute Swearengen died in 1904 while attempting to hop onto a freight train. A 2007 discovery, however, points to murder rather than misadventure.

Jerry Bryant, a historical archaeologist at the Adams Museum, unearthed Swearengen’s obituary, which reported the former brothel‑owner discovered dead on a Denver street, his skull crushed by a heavy, blunt instrument. This contradicted the long‑held freight‑train legend.

Delving deeper, Bryant linked the fatal blow to a violent episode that occurred shortly after Swearengen’s twin brother Lemuel suffered a shooting near his Oskaloosa home—five bullets, no robbery, despite $200 on his person. Bryant posits the assailant may have confused Lemuel for Al, who had a more dangerous reputation, making revenge the most plausible motive. Although the killer’s identity remains a mystery, the evidence strongly suggests Swearengen was murdered, not merely a victim of circumstance.

9 James Douglas Edgar

During his prime, fellow golfers hailed James Douglas Edgar as a prodigy destined to dominate the sport. After early triumphs across Europe, he crossed the Atlantic in 1919, racking up three PGA Tour victories. Yet his promising career abruptly ended when he died under mysterious circumstances at just 36 years old in Atlanta.

On the evening of August 8, 1921, three men were driving home when they spotted a man sprawled on the street. One of the trio, 20‑year‑old reporter Comer Howell, recognized the injured figure as Edgar. The man bore a bleeding wound on his left leg, prompting Howell to exclaim that Edgar had been struck by a passing car.

The newspapers seized on the hit‑and‑run narrative, but Howell himself harbored doubts despite being the one to announce the story. A forensic exam revealed no broken bones—only superficial scrapes and bruises. The cause of death was rapid blood loss from a tiny wound that severed the femoral artery.

Convinced that Edgar had been murdered, Howell launched his own investigation. Though he never identified a suspect, he uncovered a potential motive: Edgar’s penchant for drinking, gambling, and extramarital affairs. A scorned lover or a jealous husband would have had ample reason to silence him.

8 Montrouge Torso Murder

Saint‑Pierre‑de‑Montrouge, a modest Parisian church erected in the mid‑19th century, usually offered quiet solace. That serenity shattered on a November morning in 1886 when locals discovered a gruesome, headless torso abandoned on the church’s doorstep.

The dismembered corpse was missing its head, both legs, and the right hand. Its uterus had been removed, and the right breast was sliced off. Although the victim’s identity was never confirmed, police determined she was a young woman, most likely a prostitute.

The horror deepened when investigators noted eerie similarities to a series of torso murders that plagued London from 1887 to 1889. In those years, four women were mutilated, their bodies—or parts thereof—discarded around the city, especially in the Thames. Modern crime enthusiasts have linked the Montrouge case to those London killings, suggesting a single, mobile perpetrator.

Some “Ripperologists” argue that Jack the Ripper, already infamous for his Thames‑area victims, could have been responsible for the Parisian torso, potentially marking it as his earliest known murder.

7 Ottavio Bottecchia

After serving as a bike messenger during World War I, Ottavio Bottecchia rose to prominence in competitive cycling, clinching numerous Italian titles. He later moved to France, and in 1924 he became the first Italian to win the Tour de France. Three years later, his life ended abruptly near the tiny village of Peonis, Italy, where he was found dying by the roadside with a cracked skull and multiple broken bones.

The official autopsy declared sunstroke the culprit, suggesting the cyclist collapsed and slammed into a fence. Yet investigators noted the bicycle was propped against the fence without any damage, casting doubt on the sunstroke theory and eliminating the possibility of a vehicular collision.

Over the decades, several dramatic narratives have emerged. One death‑bed confession from an Italian man living in New York claimed he was a hired assassin who killed Bottecchia. Another farmer confessed to hurling a rock at the cyclist, mistakenly believing he was stealing grapes.

The most tantalizing hypothesis implicates Mussolini’s fascist regime. Although Bottecchia never openly opposed the dictator, his well‑known socialist sympathies and massive popularity made him a potential threat. Supporters of this theory point to the rapid closure of the official investigation as evidence of state‑sanctioned suppression.

6 Haim Arlosoroff

As a leading Zionist figure, Haim Arlosoroff amassed a host of enemies ranging from Nazis and Arabs to rival Zionist factions, and even ordinary criminals. On the night of June 16, 1933, Arlosoroff checked into a Tel Aviv hotel and strolled along the beach with his wife, Sima. Two men approached them, asked, “How much was the time?” before one of them brandished a gun and shot Arlosoroff.

Police quickly zeroed in on Avraham Stavsky, a member of the Revisionist Zionist group Betar, as the prime suspect. Two alleged accomplices—Ze’ev Rosenblatt and Abba Ahimeir—were also arrested. Stavsky was initially convicted and sentenced to death, though his conviction was later overturned on appeal.

Another suspect emerged in Abdul Majid, an Arab local who confessed to the murder while incarcerated for another crime. He later recanted, claiming he had been bribed by Stavsky’s allies. He subsequently withdrew his retraction, creating a tangled web of conflicting statements. Some observers point to the odd phrasing of the question “How much was the time?” as evidence that the shooter was not a native Hebrew speaker.

The most sensational theory implicates Magda Friedlander, Arlosoroff’s former neighbour and lover, who later married Joseph Goebbels. Supposedly, she ordered the hit to protect her reputation, fearing exposure of their affair would damage her standing.

5 Honour Bright

Just three years after the Irish Civic Guard’s formation in 1922, the force found itself embroiled in a sensational murder case involving one of its superintendents. The victim, Lizzie O’Neill—a prostitute who worked the Liberties district of Dublin under the alias “Honour Bright”—was discovered early on June 9, 1925, in Ticknock, far from her usual haunts, with a bullet through her heart.

According to another prostitute, she witnessed O’Neill that night when a man approached, paid her ten shillings, and begged for assistance locating another prostitute who had robbed him earlier. He warned that his friend, waiting in a grey sports car, was a superintendent who would “round up everyone” if the stolen items were not recovered.

Since automobiles were rare in 1925, investigators traced the vehicle to Dr Patrick Purcell. His associate, Superintendent Leo Dillon, was also implicated. Purcell claimed he last saw Bright boarding a taxi and leaving alive. Police tracked the taxi driver, who testified that the grey sports car was waiting at Leonard’s Corner when he dropped O’Neill off, not when he picked her up.

Both Purcell and Dillon faced murder charges, but their defense argued the taxi driver’s testimony was fabricated. Ultimately, a jury acquitted them due to insufficient evidence. Their careers suffered irreparably, yet no other individual was ever convicted for O’Neill’s murder.

4 Erik Jan Hanussen

Erik Jan Hanussen, a self‑styled clairvoyant and mentalist, dazzled German audiences during the 1920s with feats that seemed to defy natural law. His charisma even attracted Adolf Hitler, who became an avid follower after Hanussen predicted Hitler’s rise to Reichschancellor.

Hanussen cleverly catered to Hitler’s fascination with the occult, even offering the future dictator lessons in psychological manipulation and subtle gesturing for public speeches. When the Reichstag fire erupted, rumors swirled that Hanussen had hypnotized the arsonist, Marinus van der Lubbe, into setting the blaze.

After Hitler assumed chancellorship, the Nazis seized absolute power. On March 25, 1933, Hanussen was assassinated; his body was swiftly dumped outside Berlin. No concrete evidence links the Nazis to the killing, leaving room for speculation.

Motives for his murder abound. First, Hanussen’s true identity—born Hermann Steinschneider, a Moravian Jew—contradicted his aristocratic Danish façade, a fact the Nazis would have wanted to erase. Second, he may have possessed damaging knowledge of Nazi involvement in the Reichstag fire, making him a liability. Some suggest high‑ranking Nazis such as Goebbels or Goering wanted him silenced, either to settle unpaid debts or to remove a close confidant of Hitler.

3 Cecil Hambrough

The Ardlamont mystery of 1893 unfolded as a high‑profile murder trial in Edinburgh, later sparking a famous defamation case in London that became a landmark in libel law. The drama began when Alfred John Monson arrived at the Ardlamont Estate in Argyll, Scotland, to serve as a private tutor for 20‑year‑old Cecil Hambrough.

On August 10, 1893, the pair went hunting, accompanied by Monson’s friend Edward Scott. Witnesses reported hearing a gunshot, then seeing Monson and Scott return with their firearms. When questioned, they claimed Hambrough had accidentally shot himself while scaling a fence.

An investigation soon turned the spotlight on Monson. Initially, he was not a suspect, but the case shifted dramatically when it emerged that Hambrough had taken out two life‑insurance policies naming Monson’s wife as beneficiary, signed only days before his death. This clear financial motive propelled Monson into the role of prime suspect, and he was subsequently charged with murder.

Public opinion deemed Monson guilty, yet the jury remained unconvinced, even after famed surgeon and Sherlock Holmes inspiration Joseph Bell testified against him. The Scottish verdict of “not proven” allowed Monson to walk free. A year later, Madame Tussauds displayed a wax figure of Monson in its Chamber of Horrors, prompting him to sue for “libel by innuendo.” He won a token farthing in damages, cementing the case’s place in legal history.

2 Gareth Jones

Welsh journalist Gareth Jones earned renown by covering some of the early 20th‑century’s most consequential events. He witnessed Hitler’s ascension to chancellor in Leipzig in 1933 and later gained fame for reporting on the Soviet famine, the Holodomor, that same year.

His investigative work earned him powerful enemies, resulting in a lifetime ban from the Soviet Union. Undeterred, Jones turned his attention to Asia, eventually traveling to Manchukuo—a Japanese puppet state now part of China—to probe the Japanese occupation.

Accompanied by German journalist Muller, Jones attempted to secure cooperation from Japanese authorities but was rebuffed. Both journalists were captured by Chinese bandits; the plan was to hold them for ransom. However, Muller was released a few days later, while Jones was killed on August 12, 1935, before any ransom demands were met.

The circumstances of his death remain hotly debated. Some argue the bandits acted on a tip from Japanese forces eager to avoid diplomatic scandal, noting that Japanese soldiers allegedly guided the journalists along a “safe” route. Others contend Soviet retaliation was at play, citing investigations that both Jones’s Chinese contact and Muller were NKVD agents who lured him into a trap.

1 George Harry Storrs

The murder took place on November 1, 1909, at Gorse Hall, a prominent estate in Stalybridge, east of Manchester. Wealthy businessman George Harry Storrs was at home with his wife and niece when an unknown intruder forced his way inside, brandishing a gun. A scuffle ensued between Storrs and the assailant. The women fled to fetch help, and upon returning they discovered Storrs slain with fifteen stab wounds.

Initial suspicion fell on his nephew, Cornelius Howard, whom Mrs. Storrs was convinced was the murderer. Howard was arrested and placed in a police lineup, but his defense presented witnesses who testified that Howard had been in Huddersfield that night, participating in a domino tournament, providing him with an alibi.

Police then turned their attention to Mark Wilde, a known knife attacker who had assaulted a young couple. Although Wilde lacked an alibi for the night of the murder, he was ultimately acquitted due to insufficient evidence. No further suspects were formally charged.

Rumors persisted about two foreign visitors who arrived in Stalybridge shortly before the homicide and vanished afterward. Some speculated they were relatives of Maria Hohl, a German governess who allegedly had an affair with Storrs and subsequently took her own life after discovering she was pregnant with his child. Contemporary amateur historian Anthony Dawson argues that Alfred Derrick, matching the description given by eyewitnesses, was the true culprit—suggesting a burglary gone disastrously wrong.

Martial arts comprise organized systems of practiced techniques and age‑old traditions aimed at combat training. Enthusiasts pursue them for a myriad of reasons—sharpening fighting ability, staying fit, learning self‑defence, competing in sport, cultivating meditation and inner growth, honing mental discipline, shaping character, or simply boosting confidence, often all at once. Below you’ll find the top 10 international martial arts, presented without any ranking.

Top 10 International Martial Arts Overview

1 Karate

Karate, whose Japanese name translates to “empty hand,” stands among the world’s most recognizable fighting styles. Its roots stretch back centuries to Okinawa, but it only entered mainland Japan in the early 1900s when Master Gichin Funakoshi streamlined the techniques and infused a philosophical dimension. Though many schools exist, they all share firm blocks, crisp punches, and powerful kicks, and today practitioners train in virtually every corner of the globe.

2 Tae Kwon Do

Tae Kwon Do, loosely rendered from Korean as “the way of the hand and foot,” is famed for its thunderous kicks rather than its hand techniques. Followers argue that the leg’s length and natural strength make it the premier weapon in a fighter’s arsenal. As both a competitive sport and a fitness regimen, it attracts men and women of all ages, and the worldwide enrollment of millions has secured its place as an Olympic discipline.

3 Judo

Judo, literally “the gentle way,” emerged in late‑19th‑century Japan as a modern combat art. Its creator, Jigoro Kano, endured bullying in his youth and, dissatisfied with traditional jujutsu, fashioned a discipline centered on sweeps and throws that neutralize size and strength differences. Like Tae Kwon Do, Judo now features in the Olympic program, where athletes aim to topple opponents or force submission via joint locks or chokes. The seamless blend of standing and ground techniques has made Judo a favored path for countless practitioners.

4 Brazilian Jiu Jitsu

Brazilian Jiu‑Jitsu—often dubbed Gracie Jiu‑Jitsu—is a staple of modern mixed‑martial‑arts circles, emphasizing grappling and ground‑fighting mastery. Deriving its core principles from Japanese Judo, the Gracie family refined and expanded the art throughout the early 1900s, and the discipline has thrived ever since.

5 Kung Fu

The phrase “Kung Fu” actually denotes “skill” or “ability” rather than specifically Chinese combat arts; the precise term for the collective Chinese systems is “Wushu.” Legend holds that, millennia ago, the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma devised these movements to aid his disciples’ meditative focus. Today, hundreds of distinct styles survive, with celebrated lineages such as Shaolin, Wing Chun and Tai Chi.

6 Capoeira

Capoeira hails not from Asia but from Brazil, born in the 19th century among African slaves who concealed their fighting system within a dance. Percussive drums and other instruments lay down the beat for a “game” where two participants blend acrobatic flair with kicks, sweeps and even head‑butts. Mastery of technique and tactical awareness are essential to excel in this rhythmic contest.

7 Arnis / Escrima / Kali

The Filipino martial traditions known as Arnis, Escrima or Kali are celebrated for their weapon‑centric combat, featuring rattan sticks, knives and swords. Practitioners employ sophisticated footwork, stances, blocks and disarms to neutralize adversaries with striking efficiency.

8 Muay Thai

Muay Thai, Thailand’s national sport, holds a cultural stature akin to baseball in the United States. This striking art diverges from Western kickboxing—often deemed harsher—by permitting punches, kicks, shin, knee and elbow attacks. Its global popularity has spawned training camps across continents.

9 Krav Maga

Originating in Israel, Krav Maga has been embraced by militaries and police forces worldwide for its proven potency. Unlike sport‑oriented arts, it lacks competitions and zeroes in on practical self‑defence in real‑world scenarios. Trainees learn to disregard distractions and deliver maximum damage at close range, underscoring its lethal efficiency.

10 Jeet Kune Do

Conceived by legendary actor‑martial artist Bruce Lee, Jeet Kune Do translates to “the way of the intercepting fist.” Rather than a conventional style, it serves as a combat philosophy that borrows elements from diverse systems such as Western boxing and fencing. With no fixed solo kata, practitioners are urged to personalize and adapt techniques, granting them creative freedom in training.

The International Space Station (ISS) is a multinational marvel built and operated by the United States, Canada, Japan, Russia, and several European nations under the European Space Agency (ESA). Laid out in 1984 after President Reagan’s bold mandate, the station finally launched its first module in 1998, and today it orbits Earth as a 460‑ton laboratory the size of a football field. Below are the top 10 interesting facts that make the ISS a truly extraordinary outpost.

10. It’s Actually Falling

Even though we often picture space as a weightless void, gravity still pulls hard at the ISS. Orbiting roughly 200‑250 miles above Earth, the station feels about 90 % of Earth’s surface gravity – more than enough to pull it toward the planet.

The trick is that the ISS is falling, but it’s also moving forward at just the right speed. As it descends, Earth curves away beneath it, so the station continuously “falls around” the planet instead of crashing straight down. The Moon does the same thing, forever spiraling in its own orbit.

This perpetual free‑fall is why astronauts float inside the station. Because the craft and its crew are falling together at the same rate, there’s no net force pushing anyone toward the floor, creating the familiar weightless sensation.

Why This Is a Top 10 Interesting Fact

9. The Sun Rises Every 90 Minutes

The ISS whizzes around Earth once every 90 minutes, which means crews witness a sunrise and a sunset 16 times each day. Over a 342‑day stay, an astronaut would see 5,472 sunrises and just as many sunsets – a stark contrast to the 342 sunrises we experience on the ground.

Unlike a terrestrial dawn or dusk, the ISS crew never see the gradual color shift. Instead, they watch the terminator – the sharp line separating daylight from night on Earth – blaze across the planet below, marking each rapid transition.

8. The First Malaysian Astronaut On The ISS Had A Prayer Problem

Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor became Malaysia’s inaugural space traveler in October 2007, embarking on a nine‑day ISS mission. As a practicing Muslim, he needed to perform five daily prayers and observe Ramadan fasting, but the station’s 90‑minute day‑night cycle threw a wrench into the routine.

Prayer times are traditionally set by the Sun’s position, and the direction of Mecca (the Kaaba) must be faced. In orbit, the Sun rises and sets so fast that determining exact prayer moments becomes a nightmare, while the Kaaba’s bearing shifts every second, making it impossible to stay oriented.

Malaysia’s space agency, Angkasa, convened 150 clerics and scientists to devise a workable solution. They concluded Shukor could start each prayer facing the Kaaba and then ignore any subsequent movement, use any reasonable direction if the Kaaba’s location was uncertain, or even face Earth. They also relaxed the need for kneeling, full ablution, and fasting, allowing him to wipe with a damp towel and reduce prayers to three per day.

7. Earthly Politics

Although the ISS is a joint venture, ownership is split: the United States, Canada, Japan, Russia, and several European nations each control specific modules. The station itself is divided into a U.S. segment—shared among all non‑Russian partners—and a Russian segment used exclusively by Russia.

Geopolitical tensions have seeped into orbit. In 2014, after the U.S. imposed sanctions on Russia and cut ties with certain Russian agencies, the partnership strained. NASA, having retired the shuttle fleet, now relies on Russia’s Roscosmos to launch its astronauts. If Roscosmos were to withhold access, NASA would be in a difficult spot.

Indeed, after the fallout, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin humorously suggested the U.S. might need to fling astronauts to the station on trampolines – a reminder that earthly politics can have weighty (or weightless) ramifications in space.

6. There’s No Laundry

The ISS doesn’t boast a washing machine, and water is a premium commodity up there. While astronauts could theoretically pack enough clothing for a mission, the expense of sending cargo – $5,000 to $10,000 per pound – makes it impractical.

Dirty garments can’t simply be brought back to Earth; there’s no room on the return vehicle. Instead, used clothes are loaded into disposable cargo spacecraft, which burn up in the Pacific upon re‑entry, effectively incinerating the laundry.

Astronauts also don’t need fresh outfits daily. The station’s climate control keeps temperature and humidity steady, allowing crew members to wear the same gear for up to four days before swapping, conserving both mass and money.

5. Astronauts Exercise A Lot

Spaceflight inevitably robs the human body of bone density and muscle mass. On average, astronauts lose about two percent of mineral content in their limb bones each month. Over a typical six‑month stint, that can amount to a quarter of bone loss in certain areas.

To combat this, agencies mandate roughly two hours of daily exercise, using specially engineered equipment that works in microgravity. Despite the rigorous regimen, some loss still occurs, and researchers lack true control groups because essentially every astronaut follows the same routine.

The machines differ dramatically from gym gear on Earth, engineered to create resistance without gravity, ensuring crew members stay as fit as possible while floating miles above the planet.

4. The Toilet Astronauts Use Is Dependent On Their Nationality

In the early days of the ISS, crews shared everything—from food to bathrooms. That changed around 2003 when Russia began charging other partners for the use of its equipment, prompting a reciprocal billing system for American hardware.

The situation grew more tangled in 2005 when Russia started levying fees on NASA for transporting U.S. astronauts. In response, NASA barred Russian cosmonauts from using U.S. facilities, including toilets. Thus, the very bathroom a crew member uses can depend on their national affiliation.

3. Russia Might Kill The Program

While Russia can’t outright forbid other nations from the ISS, it can indirectly shut them out by pulling its own participation. Since NASA still depends on Roscosmos for crew transport, a Russian withdrawal could strand U.S. astronauts.

In 2014, Rogozin hinted that Russia might redirect funds away from its space program after 2020, even as the U.S. planned to keep sending crews until at least 2024. If Russia curtailed its efforts, access for U.S. astronauts could be severely limited.

NASA is already hedging its bets by partnering with commercial launch providers to ensure an independent pathway to the station—just in case the Russian “trampoline” joke becomes reality.

2. There Are Weapons On Board

The ISS carries one or two multipurpose firearms stored in a survival kit accessible to all crew members. Each weapon features three barrels capable of firing flares, rifle rounds, or shotgun shells, and includes fold‑out tools that double as shovels or machetes.

The exact purpose remains murky, but the weapons may trace back to a 1965 incident where returning cosmonauts allegedly encountered aggressive bears. Whether intended for wildlife, emergency repairs, or even a sci‑fi scenario involving extraterrestrials, the guns are a curious part of the station’s inventory.

1. Chinese Astronauts Cannot Visit The ISS

Since 2011, Chinese taikonauts have been barred from the ISS due to a U.S. congressional ban on any collaboration with China’s space program. The restriction stems from concerns that China’s activities may have undisclosed military applications, and U.S. lawmakers aim to prevent indirect support of those capabilities.

Experts argue the ban is counterproductive; China continues to advance its own space ambitions, having sent crews to orbit, deployed a lunar robot, and announced plans for its own modular station and a Mars rover. Excluding Chinese astronauts from the ISS does little to halt China’s broader extraterrestrial pursuits.

As an American, I’ve always found the best overseas destinations to be the ones less traveled. The 15 underrated international spots I’m about to share are authentic, friendly, and often easier on the wallet than the usual tourist hot‑spots. Ready to uncover some hidden gems?

15 Underrated International Destinations Worth Visiting

15. Belfast, Northern Ireland

Thinking of an urban hell‑hole ravaged by warring factions? Think again. Belfast has emerged from its troubled past to become a vibrant and unique cultural centre. With its politically‑inspired murals and pleasant, green parks, Belfast is a slice of Irish heaven, not to mention it’s easier on the wallet than Dublin.

14. Lesotho

In the middle of South Africa lies the arid mountain kingdom of Lesotho. Though not the easiest place to get to, it offers a superb venue for camping, hiking and riding. The Basuto people boast a rich culture and history, and are among the friendliest I have ever met. Just remember to slather on sunscreen, especially in summer.

13. Bay Islands, Caribbean

Looking for the last unspoiled beaches in the Caribbean? The Bay Islands have so far escaped the rampant commercialization of Cancun or Montego Bay. Pristine, white sands stretch for miles, virtually untouched by the tourist trade. But act fast – this slice of paradise likely won’t stay unblemished for long.

12. Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain

Spain boasts a number of popular vacation spots, and with good reason. However, the generally overlooked Basque Country is well worth your time. The climate is milder than in other parts of Spain’s north, and it offers a host of great museums and picturesque plazas.

11. Calgary, Canada

Calgary is typically the point of departure for visitors to Banff or Jasper, and most don’t stick around to see what this Alberta metropolis has to offer. In summer you can enjoy Calgary’s many greenways and bike trails. And rumor has it they enjoy a few winter sports as well…

10. Puebla, Mexico

Most visitors to Mexico never make it past the beaches of Cancun or Acapulco. But a few hours outside Mexico City stands the historic city of Puebla. With its beautiful colonial architecture, perfect weather and delicious local cuisine, Puebla has a particular allure and charm. And as the birthplace of Cinco de Mayo, it’s great for the history buff.

9. Gdansk, Poland

History hasn’t been too kind to this charming Baltic coastal town, which was razed to ashes during World War Two. But most of the old structures have been rebuilt with great precision, and it’s easy to spend hours (or days) just wandering through the pleasant historic quarter. Easily accessible by train from Berlin or Warsaw, Gdansk is definitely worth a visit.

8. Quito, Ecuador

Quito wraps itself around the base of Pichincha, a snow‑capped volcano that provides one of the most unique backdrops of any city on earth. The historic downtown was among the first to be designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While you’re there, take a short flight to the Galápagos to check out one of the best‑preserved biospheres on the planet.

7. Lisbon, Portugal

Even after it adopted the euro as its national currency, Portugal remains a fairly economical destination. It boasts a rich, multicultural history, great music and no shortage of spectacular vistas, awash in brilliant Mediterranean colors. And if that’s not enough, stick around for the food.

6. Granada, Nicaragua

One of the oldest colonial towns in Central America, Granada is accessible by road from Managua. Not as well‑kept a secret as in years past, Granada is becoming a more popular destination for tourists due to its history and relative safety. But if you go in the off‑season, you should get it mostly to yourself. Don’t miss out on the local coffee.

5. Stellenbosch, South Africa

South Africa is best known for its incredible wildlife reserves, and they are undoubtedly amazing. Many don’t realize that South Africa produces some of the best wine in the world. Take the road from Cape Town to explore the lush, green wine country, and don’t forget to grab a few bottles along the way.

4. Tangier, Morocco

Long the haven for drunken ex‑pat writers and other scoundrels, Tangier has undergone a period of urban renewal that is helping to shake off its reputation as “the Tijuana of the Mediterranean.” You’d be hard‑pressed to find water as blue as that which laps at its shores. Many visitors will find its vibrance overwhelming, but the best way to see Tangier is to simply allow yourself to be swept away in it.

3. Montevideo, Uruguay

Generally overlooked because of its proximity to its bustling neighbor (Buenos Aires), Montevideo has much to offer with its interesting fusion of colonial and deco architecture. And as a smaller city, it’s generally more relaxed. While you’re there, go to a “parrilla” and sample some of the best steak you’ll ever eat.

2. Hanoi, Vietnam

Assuming you can get used to the traffic (not as easy as it sounds), Hanoi never fails to leave an impression on its guests. Hardly the place that it was thirty years ago, Hanoi is an exciting, bustling city filled with the aroma of exotic spices. Don’t forget to see nearby Ha Long Bay, which may just be the single most beautiful place on earth.

1. Dakar, Senegal

The stifling, chaotic maze of Dakar might be too much for some, but those who brave the humidity and mosquitoes will walk away with a truly unforgettable experience. Don’t resist; let yourself be carried along by the sights and sounds. When you leave, Africa will no longer be an abstract notion or fleeting images on your TV. This is Africa at its most visceral, and I promise it will change you for the better.

Contributor: Tequila Mockingbird

Christmas has arrived, and the season’s cheer is in full swing! This festive roundup—top 10 international Christmas dinners—lets you peek into the plates that families across the globe gather around on December 25th. From hearty meat‑free spreads to succulent roasted birds, each culture adds its own sparkle to the holiday table. Grab a cup of cocoa, scroll through the flavors, and feel free to share what you’ll be serving in the comments. The details come from Wikipedia, but countless other sites showcase even more culinary curiosities, so keep exploring for a truly tasty holiday adventure.

Top 10 International Christmas Dinners Overview

Below you’ll find a whimsical yet informative tour of the world’s most beloved Christmas meals. We’ve gathered the traditional dishes, the special accompaniments, and the sweet treats that make each nation’s celebration uniquely delicious. Whether you’re planning a multi‑cultural feast or simply curious about what friends abroad are enjoying, this guide serves up a plateful of inspiration.

So, without further ado, let’s dig into the top 10 international Christmas dinners and discover how different cultures savor the holiday spirit!

This is a list of the current top ten rugby teams as decided by the IRB (International Rugby Board) as of February 2nd, 2009. I have kept the lineup the same but added a splash of trivia, a dash of history, and a pinch of YouTube action for each side. [JFrater: when you see item one you will understand why this list had to be posted!]

Top 10 International Rugby Teams Overview

1. Fiji

Fiji’s national side belongs to the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, sharing the stage with Samoa and Tonga. The island nation was one of the sixteen contenders in the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup, marching all the way to the quarter‑finals before falling to France. Between 1987 and 2007 they reached the quarters only twice more – a 1999 loss to England and a 2007 semi‑final defeat by the Springboks. Fiji also boasts an electrifying Rugby Sevens squad, and their fifteen‑a‑side game mirrors that flair with nonstop running rugby that keeps fans on the edge of their seats.

2. Scotland

The Scottish Rugby Union, founded in 1873, ranks among the world’s oldest governing bodies. A founding member of the IRB, Scotland took part in the first ever international match against England, emerging victorious 4‑1. The Scots compete annually in Europe’s Six Nations tournament and regularly supply players to the Barbarians side for showcase matches. Scotland has featured in every Rugby World Cup, advancing to at least the quarter‑finals or semi‑finals in every edition except 2007.

3. Ireland

Established in 1874, the Irish Rugby Football Union is another IRB founding nation. Ireland battles yearly in the Six Nations, a competition they’ve won eight times. They have never missed a World Cup, reaching the quarter‑finals in every tournament save for 1999 and 2007. Irish talent also fuels the British and Irish Lions every four years alongside England and Wales. Legends such as Brian O’Driscoll – the Irish all‑time try‑scorer and widely hailed as the premier centre of his era – have cemented Ireland’s reputation on the global stage.

4. France

Rugby crossed the Channel into France in 1872, courtesy of British expatriates, and has since blossomed into a national passion. France hosts one of the world’s premier club leagues, attracting talent from across the globe. The French national side dominates continental Europe, contesting the Six Nations each year and having appeared in every World Cup. Although they have reached more finals than any other nation, the coveted William Webb Ellis Cup has eluded them so far. A famed highlight came in 1999 when France shocked the All Blacks in a semi‑final upset. Known for their free‑flowing, flamboyant style, the French can overturn any opponent on their day.

5. England

England’s rugby heritage runs deep, having produced icons like Martin Johnson and Jonny Wilkinson – the latter holds the record for most points scored in World Cup history. England is the sole European side to lift the Rugby World Cup, doing so in 2003 with a victory over Australia, and they were runners‑up in 1991 and 2007. The English compete in the Six Nations annually, having claimed the title 25 times. Their tactical approach blends powerful forward play with expansive back‑line moves, and when the odds are against them they’ll reliably opt for points via penalty kicks.

6. Wales

Wales first took the field in 1881, debuting against England that same year. The Welsh have enjoyed several golden eras, producing legends such as J.P.R. Williams, Gerald Davies, and the incomparable Gareth Edwards. As regular Six Nations participants, Wales have hoisted the championship 24 times – second only to England – most recently in 2008. Though they have contested all six World Cups, their best finish came in 1987 when they reached the semi‑finals before losing to New Zealand. Known for dazzling sidestepping and swift footwork, the Welsh continue to evolve and thrill spectators worldwide.

7. Argentina

Nicknamed Los Pumas, Argentina played its inaugural test against a touring British Isles side in 1910. While rugby trails soccer in popularity, the Pumas have become the dominant force in the Americas, earning respect through World Cup performances. Their first World Cup quarter‑final appearance arrived in 1999, and a landmark 2007 campaign saw them reach the semi‑finals and secure third place – a triumph that opened doors for many players to join professional clubs in Europe. The Argentine game blends a robust forward pack with a dynamic back‑line that loves to unleash rapid passing sequences.

8. Australia

The Wallabies, Australia’s national side, are celebrated as one of the sport’s historic powerhouses. They battle yearly in the Southern Hemisphere’s Tri‑Nations (now The Rugby Championship) alongside New Zealand and South Africa. Australia helped launch the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and has contested every edition since, winning the trophy twice – in 1991 and 1999 – and finishing runners‑up in 2003. The Wallabies earned a Grand Slam in 1984 by defeating all major European sides on a single tour. Legends such as Tim Horan, David Campese, John Eales and record‑holder George Gregan have donned the green and gold, and the team is famed for its daring, high‑risk play, staunch defence, and relentless ball retention.

9. South Africa

The Springboks first stepped onto the international scene in 1891 when a British Isles squad toured South Africa. Rugby’s growth was so rapid that combatants even halted the Second Boer War for a cease‑fire match. Apartheid isolated South Africa from the first two World Cups, but the nation hosted and won the 1995 tournament, beating New Zealand 15‑12 in a historic final. After a semi‑final run in 1999 and a quarter‑final exit in 2003, the Springboks claimed a second World Cup in 2007, defeating England. They compete annually in the Rugby Championship, and their balanced approach – weaving together running, kicking, passing, and forward power – makes for thrilling, well‑rounded contests.

10. New Zealand

The All Blacks, New Zealand’s iconic side, are arguably the most celebrated rugby team worldwide, boasting a staggering 330 wins from 443 matches. Their first test came against Australia in 1903, and they have dominated the sport ever since. The All Blacks have been crowned IRB Team of the Year three times (2005, 2006, 2008) and dominate the Southern Hemisphere’s Rugby Championship with nine series victories. They have hoisted the Bledisloe Cup countless times and suffered only a single test series loss to the British & Irish Lions. Their roster reads like a hall of fame, featuring Sean Fitzpatrick, John Kirwan, Grant Fox, Christian Cullen, Richie McCaw, Jonah Lomu and many more. The pre‑match Haka has become a cultural phenomenon, adding drama to every encounter. Though they have won the World Cup three times (1987, 2011, 2015), the All Blacks remain the benchmark for excellence in rugby.

Spiders, cemeteries, costumes, and ghost stories feel more at home in Halloween than in Christmas, yet around the world many festive traditions sound like they’ve swapped seasons. Below are ten international customs that mix the eerie vibe of Halloween with the warmth of Christmas, proving that the holidays can be delightfully spooky.

10 Carved Vegetables Mexico

For anyone who dreaded veggies as a child, the Night of the Radishes might sound like a horror‑film title. Yet it’s a venerable celebration in Mexico that dates back to Oaxaca’s main plaza in 1897 and has thrived ever since.

The event bursts with parades, feasts, and dances, but the star attraction is, as the name suggests, the radishes. These root vegetables are cultivated especially for the occasion, left in the ground far longer than usual so they swell to enormous proportions—some reaching 50 cm (20 in) in length and weighing up to 3 kg (6.5 lb). Artisans carve them into intricate characters, scenes, and displays that dazzle the crowds.

The official date is December 23, yet the festivities often spill over a couple of days, sometimes extending past Christmas Day itself.

9 Goblins Greece

Greek folklore tells of underground goblins called Kallikantzaroi who emerge during the twelve days of Christmas to wreak mischief. Legends describe them as shaggy, dark‑haired beings that look human but sport horns and tails.

To fend them off, many Greeks burn incense or even stinky shoes in the fireplace, while others mark their doors with a black cross on Christmas Eve. A chilling belief holds that any baby born during those twelve days risks turning into a Kallikantzaros later in life, only discovering their fate at 18 or 21 years of age. The traditional safeguard? Singe the infant’s toenails or wrap them in garlic and straw.

8 Spiders Poland

If you’ve ever left Halloween spider‑web décor up past October, Poland might feel like a natural fit. In Polish culture, spiders symbolize prosperity and general goodness. One legend recounts that when baby Jesus was born cold, a spider spun a warm blanket of webs for him, inspiring the tradition of adorning Christmas trees with faux spider‑webs and spider ornaments.

The custom also appears in Germany and Ukraine, though inspired by a different tale. In a Ukrainian story, a poor mother could not afford ornaments, yet her children awoke to find their tree covered in spider‑webs. When sunrise struck, the webs turned to silver and gold, ensuring the family would never lack again.

7 Eating Bugs South Africa

While gummy worms dominate Halloween candy aisles, some South African regions reserve a truly creepy treat for Christmas: deep‑fried emperor moth caterpillars. These caterpillars are considered a delicacy, making them a staple of the festive feast in certain locales.

Nutritionally, they pack a punch—over half the weight of 100 g of caterpillars is protein, surpassing both fish and beef, with 17 % carbohydrates and an energy value of 430 kcal. Depending on the species, they also supply iron, calcium, potassium, and a range of vitamins, making them both tasty and wholesome.

6 Witches Bavaria

Austrian and Bavarian lore features a witch named Berchta who monitors children’s behavior throughout the year. During the twelve days of Christmas and the Epiphany, she silently slips into homes to either reward or punish. Diligent children find a silver coin in their shoe; lazy ones have their stomachs slit open, their innards replaced with straw, stones, and any stray rubbish.

The name Berchta derives from the Epiphany feast, Berchtentag. In Slovenia she appears as Frau Faste—“the lady of the Ember Days.” Her traditional feast day, Berchtaslaaf, is celebrated in Urglawee (the German‑Dutch community of Pennsylvania) on December 31, known locally as Elfder Dagg and Zwelfdi Nacht (“Eleventh Day” and “Twelfth Night”).

5 Monster Cannibals Iceland

Icelandic folklore introduces the ogress Gryla, who, like Santa and Berchta, can discern whether children have been naughty or nice. Unlike the benevolent Santa, Gryla cares only for punishing the mischievous. During Christmas, she descends from her mountain lair to hunt for a stew of disobedient boys and girls, an appetite said to be insatiable.

Though not originally a Christmas figure, Gryla became linked to the holiday in the 17th century, connected to the Yule Cat and the Yule Lads as their mother, cementing her place in Icelandic Yuletide myth.

4 Ghost Stories England

Not so long ago, spine‑tingling ghost tales were a staple of Christmas Eve celebrations. Even Andy Williams’s classic “It’s the Most Wonderful Time of the Year” promises “There’ll be scary ghost stories / And tales of the glories / Of Christmases long, long ago.”

In Victorian England, ghosts and Christmas were as inseparable as tea and crumpets. The ultimate example is Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol, driven by four otherworldly spirits. Historically, people believed the veil between the living and the dead thinned on Christmas Eve, allowing spirits to cross over for a single night.

3 Costumes Newfoundland

Newfoundland blends trick‑or‑treating with Christmas caroling through a tradition called mummering. Participants, known as mummers or “janneys,” don homemade disguises and roam neighbourhoods, knocking on doors, playing music, and dancing on front steps while homeowners guess their identities.

To further conceal themselves, mummers employ “ingestive speaking,” talking while taking a deep breath. Once their disguise is uncovered, they remove their masks, and hosts typically invite them in for food and drink. Historically, the practice was highly social in tight‑knit towns; today, it’s more restrained, with mummers often calling ahead to avoid being turned away.

2 Cemeteries Finland

In Finland, Christmas Eve is a time to honor the departed by visiting graves and lighting candles in their memory. Even those without nearby relatives travel to the closest cemetery to place a lit candle, resulting in a sea of glowing lights across Finnish graveyards on December 24.

Many who haven’t lost loved ones still stroll through cemeteries simply to enjoy the festive ambience. The influx is so massive that authorities must implement special traffic measures to manage the surge of vehicles. Other nations share similar customs; Portugal, for instance, holds the Consoda feast on Christmas morning, a dual celebration of food and mourning, where families set places at the table for absent relatives.

1 The Devil Guatemala

One might assume the devil has no place in holiday celebrations, yet Guatemala observes a December 7 event called La Quema del Diablo (The Burning of the Devil). Residents clean their homes, amass trash, old clothing, and broken furniture in front of their houses, then craft a devil effigy to crown the pile.

The entire heap is set ablaze, symbolically driving away evil and preparing the way for baby Jesus. The ritual also serves to cleanse the home and provide a cathartic release from year‑long troubles. In recent years, many opt to burn small pinatas and old bills instead of household waste, while commercial vendors now sell devil effigies, underscoring the blend of tradition and modern consumerism.

An idiom is an expression that has the curious affectation of not making sense, strictly speaking. The meaning of an idiom can’t be derived from what the words in it say. In other words, the literal meaning is different from how it’s commonly used. For instance, if computer coding is easy for you, you might say it’s a piece of cake. To someone who had never heard that idiom they’d have no idea what coding has to do with baked goods. The literal meaning is nonsense but those of us aware of the idiom understand its idiomatic meaning.

English has thousands of idioms that range from cliches like “you can’t judge a book by its cover” to turns of phrase like “hit the sack.” But there are just as many idioms from other lands and languages that are delightful enough you might want to find a way to fit them into your everyday vernacular.

10. Nearly Every Language Has its Own Version of “It’s All Greek to Me” 

If you don’t understand something you might use the idiom “it’s all Greek to me” to drive that point home. The meaning derived from this is that, whatever you’re referencing, may as well be written in another language because you just don’t get it. This makes sense for English-speaking people because many of them don’t actually speak Greek.

So what happens if you are Greek? The idiom certainly loses something in translation. Or how about if you speak a language known to be more difficult to master, something like Mandarin? You could argue Greek is easier to understand and therefore the idiom would have the opposite meaning.

Turns out nearly every language has its own version of this idiom and while some stick with Greek, many do not. If you speak Cantonese you’d say “it’s all chicken intestines” or ghost script while in Mandarin you’d bring up alien or heavenly languages.One Dutch version swaps Greek to Chinese. Finnish might use Hebrew. Someone speaking Korean might say “they’re speaking like dogs.”

9. “Wei Jie Died of Stares” is a Chinese Idiom About Celebrities and Fans

China has all manner of fun and unusual idioms that lose a bit of meaning when translated to English, but that’s to be expected sometimes. One of their most unusual yet oddly appropriate for the modern world is the saying “Wei Jie died of stares.”

Wei Jie was said to be a historical figure from China who worked as a court official in the 3rd or 4th century.He was also supposed to be stunningly good looking. So good looking, in fact, that everyone stared at him all the time and even when he arrived in a new city, the people couldn’t take their eyes off of him. According to the legend, he was in ill health and the people blocked the street to stare until finally he simply died under their watchful gazes. Thus, Wei Jie died of stares.

Today, the saying is something like “death by staring” and the meaning relates to something who is greatly admired or has a lot of adoring fans, something arguably appropriate for the social media age. 

8. In China You Can Expel Smoke From Seven Orifices

We have a handful of popular idioms that can indicate or describe anger in English from “seeing red” to “biting someone’s head off.” Chinese offers up the remarkably unique idiom “qi qiao sheng yan” which has a literal translation of “spouting smoke through the seven orifices.”

You can see where the saying comes from to some degree, at least insofar as the imagery goes. Cartoons had a long tradition of showing a character getting angry by depicting them getting steamy around the collar or even having steam come out of their ears. So someone blowing smoke seems to be in the ballpark.

In English, the literal language sounds a little risque as well, but the seven orifices in question can all be found on the head – two eyes, two ears, two nostrils and one mouth. 

7. “Not My Circus, Not My Monkeys” Comes from Poland 

This unique phrase has actually crossed the cultural divide and has made its way to English, including in variant forms. The saying “not my circus, not my monkeys” is a colorful way to say something isn’t your problem. The Canadian show Letterkenny has used the variant “not my pig, not my farm” in an episode or two as well.

The original version seems to come from Poland, not traditionally known for their monkeys. The original wording is “Nie moj cyrk, nie moje malpy.” Pop that into Google translate and there’s no discrepancy at all, it literally means “not my circus, not my monkeys.

6. In Iceland, “I Took Him To The Bakery” Means to Dominate

There are a number of fun ways to express your power and dominance in word form. One popular and brief way that’s enjoyed in the modern world is to simply say you owned something. In fact, you can break that down to the single word “owned” and still convey the idiomatic meaning in context. 

If you were in Iceland, you might say “Ég tók hann í bakaríið.” That translates to “I took him to the bakery.” In Icelandic the idiom is used often in a sporting context. So if you square off against an opponent in a game and win, you didn’t just defeat them, you took them to the bakery. 

Someone attempted to discern the origin of the phrase online back in 2010 and was able to trace the origins to a 1982 slang dictionary in Iceland. The speculation was that the word bake was related to making or causing, as in causing trouble or causing damage but that’s just a guess. 

5. In Sweden, “Pooping The Blue Cupboard” Means Doing Something Wrong

We said at the beginning that an idiom’s literal meaning is not the same as that idiomatic meaning and you probably can’t guess what the meaning of the term is based on the literal meanings. Sweden took this to heart with the idiom “to poop in the blue cupboard.”

On its own the phrase literally means, well… you can see what it means. But the figurative meaning is that you messed up. You took things too far, you made a fool of yourself, you got in trouble; something like that. The point is, you did something wrong. And, in that context, sure, pooping in the blue cupboard does seem like you messed up. 

4. “The Last Coca-Cola in the Desert” Comes From Spanish Speaking Countries

If someone ever calls you the last Coca-Cola in the desert, they’re not paying you a compliment. The saying seems to be common in many Spanish speaking nations and you can find reference to it in Cuba and Venezuela and Mexico.

The saying means you’re a bit full of yourself or conceited, which you could arguably imagine might be the attitude of the last Coke in the desert since everyone would probably want it. Your best bet for using it in casual conversation is to shoot a dig at someone being arrogant by saying “you really think you’re the last Coke in the desert, don’t you?” or something along those lines. 

3. “Horse Horse Tiger Tiger” Has a Curious History

Most idioms may not make sense in context but they tend to have some discernible meaning. Not so for the Chinese idiom “horse horse tiger tiger.” You can’t really clean much from two repeated words.

The saying actually means something akin to “it is what it is” or “so so” and it stands as a warning against carelessness as it refers to someone who’s been foolish. That’s definitely not a meaning you’d get from the words as presented. 

There’s a story behind the idiom and it’s that, once upon a time an artist was drawing a tiger when someone requested he do a horse instead. So he put a horse’s body on the tiger’s head. Later, one of his sons saw it and asked what it was and the artist said it was a tiger. But when his younger son asked he said it was a horse. 

One day, the eldest son was out and ran across a horse but, thinking it was a tiger, he killed it and thus the artist had to pay the horse’s owner for the loss. Meanwhile, the younger son ran across a tiger and thought it was a horse so he tried to ride it and died. That’s a whoops.

From then on, horse horse tiger tiger referred to someone being careless or something that was so so or, you know, not really good.

2. “May the Cat Eat You and May the Devil Eat The Cat” is an Irish Gaelic Curse

“Cat got your tongue” and “look what the cat dragged in” are some popular feline related idioms that you might run across in English but all the world loves a cat so it’s no surprise there are some other kitty quips out there. One of the oldest and most colorful comes to us from Irish Gaelic and it’s a full on curse. 

If you have it in for someone and want to insult them, you could say “Go n-ithe an cat thu is go n-ithe an diabhal an cat” which translates to “may the cat eat you and may the devil eat the cat.”

The gist of the saying is that you should get screwed and then screwed again, but it’s a little more colorful than all that

1. Jack’s Infamous Typed Pages in “The Shining” Were Swapped with Other Translations Internationally

Stephen King’s “The Shining” is one of his most popular works thanks in no small part to Stanley Kubrick’s film adaptation. And one of the most memorable scenes in that movie was when Shelley Duvall’s Wendy checks on the work that her husband Jack, played by Jack Nicholson, has been doing while the family has been isolated in the Overlook Hotel. Jack, a writer, has been typing up a novel only every typed page features the phrase “all work, and no play makes Jack a dull boy” over and over again. It’s when she fully realizes Jack has basically gone off the deep end. 

Kubrick was known as an extremely meticulous filmmaker. He made actors do takes dozens upon dozens of times to get them right. He made Nicholson chop through a bathroom door with an ax at least 60 times. When it came to that typed page, he knew that the fil;m would be shown to non-English audiences and that meant people wouldn’t understand what was written on the page. To save audiences all over the world from having to read subtitles, Kubrick had the scene filmed several times with different papers typed in different languages. 

The Italian version read “Il mattino ha l’oro in bocca” which means “the morning has gold in its mouth.” Germans got “was du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen” meaning “never put off until tomorrow what can be done today.” 

The reference to Jack is lost but each phrase, and others in French and Spanish, were all quirky enough that knowing Jack Nicholson was maniacally typing them out over and over would have likely been off-putting to audiences in other countries.

Every month of every year, all across the globe, cities and towns and even tiny villages are celebrating one festival or another for countless reasons. Some are religious, some are to celebrate the harvest, the passing of seasons, local heroes, historic events, you name it. You can’t keep a good festival down. But for all the easy to understand festivals that offer up good times and good food for those in attendance, there are a handful of festivals that seem to exist mostly to sow discord, havoc and danger for anyone who gets too close.

10. Epiphany in Vale de Salgueiro 

Christians celebrate a feast day called the Epiphany. In the US, this is what kicks off Carnival in New Orleans, and elsewhere things like King Cakes and fruit cakes are commonplace. In the UK, Twelfth Night is the night before and there is traditionally a yule log, wassailing and, once again, fruit cake. In the town of Vale de Salgueiro in Portugal, the celebration includes a weird twist.

If you head to this very small village, with its population of about 200, you’ll discover locals encouraging their children to smoke cigarettes on this day. And by children we mean as young as five years old. Why would people celebrate the Epiphany by making kids smoke? The locals say it’s a centuries old tradition but they also have no further explanation. It’s entirely unclear what it’s supposed to represent or symbolize, especially since traditionally the Epiphany celebrates the Magi visiting Christ as a baby and the revelation that he was God incarnate. Not much of that deals with Marlboros. 

Kids in the village smoke for two days and parents defend the practice since it’s just two days and the kids are exhaling quickly. At least one resident, who is 101, claimed they were doing it when she was a kid, so they’re really committed to it, even if no one knows why. 

9. Mexico’s Festival of Exploding Hammers

You can’t argue that people don’t like explosions, it’s what drives Fourth of July celebrations as well as a large portion of Hollywood action movies. The Mexican town of San Juan de la Vega takes the love of an exploding festival to new heights with sledgehammers laced with explosives that are busted out around Fat Tuesday every year.

As the story goes, the founder of the town was a sort of Robin Hood figure. He got into a skirmish with some local landowners that resulted in him stealing gold back from them. Or maybe they were bandits. Whatever the case, locals celebrated his victory over whoever the thieves were by making exploding hammers, because why not?

In the past, the hammers were strapped with homemade explosives, like fireworks, and then the hammers and slammed against I-beams or sheet metal. Past hammers, unable to handle the force, would commonly explode as well and send metal flying. Modern hammers are reinforced with rebar to handle the explosions but that doesn’t stop chunks of metal from flying free and embedding into spectators and hammer wielders. In 2008, 50 bystanders were injured by shrapnel but the celebrations have been going on for about 400 years so it’s unlikely a few explosion scars are going to stop anyone. 

8. Spain’s Las Luminarias 

The Spanish festival called Las Luminarias is meant to be in honor of St. Anthony the Abbot, patron saint of domestic animals. And what better way to honor a domestic animal lover than by making horses run through fire? According to tradition, which dates back centuries, by running horses through raging bonfires the animals are being purified by the fire. 

Riders are said to take precautions such as cutting the horses’ hair so they can’t get burned, but animal rights groups are still not big fans of the tradition. All told, around 100 horses will undergo the ritual over the course of the festival, which is later followed by drinking and dancing as befits any good, fire-filled festival. 

Despite assurances that the horses don’t get burned, others have pointed out that, because they are animals, they’re not likely to understand what’s going on and forcing animals that traditionally run to escape danger to leap through fire is pretty stressful for them. 

7. The Turkey Trot Festival in Arkansas 

The Turkey Trot Festival sounds about as innocent as a festival can get, doesn’t it? Trotting turkeys makes you think of chubby birds strutting down a street without a care in the world. That’s not technically the case with this real life Arkansas festival, or at least it wasn’t until a few years back when they decided to make it less terrifying. 

For 70 years, the small town of Yellville, Arkansas had been having this festival around Thanksgiving that celebrates all things turkey. They even have a Miss Drumsticks to help celebrate. But for most of those 70 years, literally up to 2017, part of the tradition also included loading airplanes with live turkeys and then throwing the birds, which you’ll remember can’t fly, out of the moving planes. Many died on impact while others survived for a short time with broken bones.

There was no gimmick or trick involved in what was happening, they were just hurling birds to their death. It was animal cruelty despite not tecnically being a violation of FAA regulations. It wasn’t until the media broke the story open after that 2017 year that it finally came to an end as a result of the bad press and not any particular compassion for turkey mayhem.

6. Japanese Wasp Festival

Amidst the chaotic news of the early 2020s was the tale of giant Asian hornets making their way to North America. The internet has always enjoyed these creatures as a giant, stinging insect is a nice sort of sci fi monster come to life, plus videos of them raiding bee’s nests are pretty interesting. 

In Japan, where the hornets come from, there are also wasps that gain some attention around Nagano and Gifu in a festival called Hebo Matsuri. In the village of Kushihara, people come to eat wasp-based snacks made from wasp larvae and compete in wasp nest contests to see whose is the heaviest. If you have the money, you can even eat the larvae alive right from the nest. 

Attendees can expect to get stung a couple of times while they’re there because, unsurprisingly, wasps don’t want you raiding their nests. You can eat the giant hornets there as well, though live ones are not the sort of things you want to see since their sting is very painful and, in some cases, even deadly. 

5. The Naked Man Festival

Not every festival involves 9,000 nearly naked men, but Konomiya Hadaka Matsuri does. The 1,250-year-old tradition requires men in loin-cloths to pray for luck. So far so slightly odd, but not dangerous. Things get more violent later when they men compete to gain good luck talismans, of which there are two, through pretty much any means necessary. The scene is described as a “mosh pit” and involves jumping, tripping, climbing and so on to try to reach them as they dangle from above.

One man at the festival will be deemed the Lucky Man or Man of God. Touching him is meant to protect you from disease and bad luck. But when 9,000 men, being sprayed with cold water, all scramble to do it at the same time the scene can get chaotic. The man is completely shaven beforehand and then chased totally naked, as people pass their bad luck to him. Then he’s run out of town. Tourists are allowed to come and participate and you can neither have tattoos nor be drunk, though some locations seem to encourage drinking sake so you may want to check local rules if you want to join in. 

4. Switzerland’s Spring Festival

Festivals that predict the weather are not necessarily a unique idea, in the US and Canada a groundhog is used to determine when winter will end every year. In Switzerland they have a similar tradition at a festival called Sechseläuten. The festival announces the beginning of Spring and translates to “the six-o’clock ringing of the bells” to commemorate the extra hour of daylight that comes as winter gives way to spring. 

At some point, the festival came to include something called Böögg, which is a giant 11-foot tall snowman that the locals light on fire. The snowman is atop a bonfire and his head is jammed full of 140 sticks of dynamite, because how else do you celebrate the passing of winter into spring? 

Once the bonfire is lit, people place bets on how long until the fire gets high enough to make Böögg’s head explode. The sooner it happens, the sooner it will become Spring, is the thinking. If it takes a long time, then summer may be cold and beset with snowfall.

3. Takanakuy

There’s an episode of Seinfeld in which we learn George’s father invented his own Christmas-adjacent holiday called Festivus that involves feats of strengths and the airing of grievances. The people of the Peruvian Andes did Mr. Costanza one better with a Christmas day festival called Takanakuy.

Men and women participate in the festival, some wear costumes and masks but some don’t, and the gist of it is all pretty simple – if someone wronged you during the year you can settle the score here by beating the crap out of each other.

The goal of the battle is to start the new year fresh and put old grievances to rest. You start the fight with a hug and you end it with one. But in the middle you genuinely pound your opponent into the dirt. Thousands of people attend, cheering the combatants who can be children all they way through grandparents on as they punch their way to a happy new year. 

2. Yanshui Beehive Fireworks Festival

Despite its name, the Yanshui Beehive Fireworks Festival in Taiwan has nothing to do with bees. The name is a metaphor for the chaos and, arguably, the intense and painful danger you’re flirting with by being here.  

A religious festival, its main claim to fame is the fact that millions of fireworks are set off, like a swarm of bees, over the course of the events. But they aren’t shot at the sky, they’re shot at you and everyone else in attendance.

Experiencing the chaos is supposed to bring good fortune for the new year and cleans any bad influences away. All you need to do is wear a helmet and some protective clothing to try to avoid the inevitable burns as millions of little firecrackers explode around you and rain sparks everywhere. Bruises from spent cardboard tubes are not unheard of along with the threat of igniting or going deaf and/or blind from explosions near your ears and eyes. 

1. Onbashira

Back to Japan once more for a log riding festival that has claimed more than one life in the past. Known as Onbashira, the concept is simple if baffling and terrifying. Participants have to ride a giant 10-ton log, essentially a felled tree, down the side of a mountain. 

The festival is actually a religious one and the massive logs are destined to be pillars outside of a Shinto shrine. People have been crushed under the logs, they have drowned under them as they were transported through water, and when they are erected, some people have fallen from the tops. The most recent death was in 2016. The deaths don’t put a damper on the festival however, as dying this way is considered to be honorable.

The world is more at our fingertips today than ever before. You can head out in any big city and enjoy the cuisine from dozens of countries or, if you’re more adventurous, head to the internet and track down recipes and videos showing you how to make food from literally every corner of the globe. And while that’s great for expanding culinary horizons it also brings with it the curious revelation that not every food we know and love is truly from where we always thought it was. Some of your international favorites may not be international at all. 

10. Spaghetti and Meatballs is Not Technically Italian

Is any dish more Italian than spaghetti and meatballs? Yes, actually, many of them are since it’s not technically an Italian dish at all. That isn’t to say that spaghetti isn’t Italian and, of course, meatballs can be Italian too but most countries also have meatballs. But the dish we all currently understand as spaghetti and meatballs is 100% American, by way of Italy. 

Traditional Italian meatballs could be made from any kind of meat from fish to turkey and though beef was an option, it was not as plentiful in Italy as it is in America so it was a less likely choice. Also, Italian meatballs were more often served as their own entrée or in soups rather than on top of pasta. In fact, in Italy it’s very unlikely you’ll find spaghetti and meatballs on a menu unless it’s a tourist trap catering to international patrons.

When Italians began immigrating to America, they of course brought their cuisine with them and that included meatball recipes. Meat was more plentiful and cheaper in America than they were used to so the new meatball recipes adapted to be made from ground beef and they grew bigger. 

The fact that dried pasta and canned tomato was also available and also cheap meant that a dish, in the ballpark of what they may have had back home, could be put together cheaply and effectively and so spaghetti and meatballs were born. The dish dates back to sometime between 1880 and 1920.

9. Chicken Parmesan is Italian-Inspired American Cuisine

Sticking with non-Italian Italian, another extremely tasty and popular dish, chicken parmesan, is just as Italian as spaghetti and meatballs. That means it was inspired by Italy but made in the USA.

If you’re not familiar, the dish typically consists of chicken breasts, usually pounded flat, breaded and fried crispy, served on top of a tomato sauce and covered in melted cheese. 

In Italy you wouldn’t find this dish but you would find eggplant parmesan which is almost the same thing but made with eggplant instead of chicken. The dish hails from Sicily and the evolution of eggplant to chicken is very similar to the evolution of the meatball. Italian immigrants in the USA found themselves presented with different ingredients and cheaper meats. Tweaks to the recipe allowed for chicken to swap in as the meat in America was proving to be a very popular option and thus the chicken version was born.  

A chicken parm recipe was published in the New York Times in 1962 and the dish has been a staple in Italian American restaurants ever since.  

8. Italian Dressing Hails from America

One last look at Italy and this time in the world of the salad. While ranch takes the top spot for favorite salad dressing in America, Italian ranks in at number two, at least according to one survey. Surprisingly enough, that’s a very exclusively American result since Italian dressing is not really even an option in Italy.

Ask someone who has lived in both Italy and America and they’ll point out that the Italian dressing you can buy in grocery stores in no way resembles anything they serve on salad in Italy, which is typically just olive oil and vinegar.

American Italian dressing seems to have been invented, or at least popularized, by Florence Hanna whose parents were Italian immigrants. She made the dressing for the salads in the Massachusetts restaurant she ran with her husband Ken, which gave rise to Ken’s Foods which still bottles the stuff today. 

7. German Chocolate Cake is Not German

Humans go through about 7.5 million tons of chocolate per year, or about two pounds for every living human in the world. Safe to say, people really like it. And German chocolate cake has long been a favorite way to enjoy it if you also like your chocolate in cake form. 

The cake dates back to 1957 and features chocolate alongside coconut and pecan. If you like nuts and chocolate, it really is delicious. But it’s also not even a little bit German. And, technically, it never pretended to be.

German chocolate cake fell victim to the curse of brevity and convenience. The original recipe was created by a woman in Texas who submitted it to the Dallas Morning News for publication. The recipe called for the use of a sweet baking chocolate and the brand that Mrs. George Clay enjoyed was German’s chocolate, created by Sam German in 1852. 

Her cake was technically a German’s Brand Chocolate Cake, but it’s just easier to call it German chocolate cake and, without context, it’s easy to lose the fact she was referring to a specific brand. Baker German’s Sweet Chocolate still exists today if you want to make an authentic German chocolate cake, but if you follow the recipe exactly and use a different brand, you’re just making a chocolate coconut pecan cake, probably. 

6. Sauerkraut Isn’t Actually German

One of the most quintessential German foods you’ll ever find is sauerkraut, that fermented cabbage condiment that lends itself so well to sausages and other food that it seems inextricably linked to the country’s cuisine. Even the name is German, meaning “sour cabbage,”  so it’s somewhat surprising to learn that the food is not originally German at all.

Sauerkraut’s origins go back thousands of years and much further east than Germany. It’s believed it started in China when laborers building the Great Wall would ferment cabbage in rice wine to ensure they’d have food available all year round. During the winter, when food was scarce, they needed something that could last the season and the fermented cabbage fit the bill.

Later, travelers brought the concept to Europe and new recipes were devised that didn’t include rice wine but instead used salt to pickle the cabbage. 

5. Corned Beef and Cabbage Isn’t an Irish Staple

Ireland’s cuisine isn’t quite as famous as something like Mexican or Italian, but there are a few dishes very much associated with the country. Obviously they are strongly associated with potatoes, but head to any bar on St. Patrick’s Day that’s doing an Irish dinner special and you’ll probably find corned beef and cabbage. This is ironic, of course, since it’s not an Irish dish at all. 

Ireland is not a land of great beef farms. Cattle there were mostly used for dairy. Cows were even sacred in Gaelic tradition, so killing them was not standard practice. 

It was England, in forcing its will upon Ireland, that introduced the concept of corned beef and, owing to various laws around importing and exporting salt, took advantage of Ireland and essentially forced corned beef production to take place there. Ireland supplied most of the corned beef eating world with corned beef and almost none of it stayed in the country. 

By the end of the 18th century as America and other countries began to make their own corned beef the famine broke out in Ireland and people either starved or left.Those who settled in America ironically found themselves finally able to eat corned beef which they never actually had in Ireland only this time it was kosher corned beef made by Jewish immigrants and didn’t really resemble the stuff Ireland had been known for at all.

4. Burritos as We Understand Them are Not From Mexico 

Mexican cuisine is hugely popular these days and with good reason as much of it is very delicious and filling. But the Americanization of Mexican cuisine has caused some confusion of how some dishes are meant to be made and whether some dishes are even Mexican at all. One such dish is the burrito, which isn’t really from Mexico, at least the way most people understand it. 

Some people will suggest that the burrito, while almost totally unheard of in Southern Mexico, can at least call Northern Mexico home. But the burrito that you might think of if you like in the United States. Head to Chipotle or any other restaurant known for Mexican cuisine and a burrito is typically a thick, flour tortilla wrapped dish filled with rice, beans, meats, sauce and vegetables. They’re big and heavy and filling and date back to the 1960s or so. 

A traditional Mexican burrito consists of a toasted flour tortilla topped with a small amount of beans, some braised meat and a dash of sauce rolled up tight almost like a tamale. That’s all. They’re small and relatively light and do not involve a ton of rice and veggies by any means. That’s a product of the Mission Burrito, born in San Francisco. 

3. Biryani Came to India from Persia

Biryani rice is definitely one of the most popular dishes you’ll find on any Indian menu and typically many versions are available that are made with different meats and veggies. It’s a staple of Indian cuisine but its origins stray a bit from the country that made it famous. India adapted the dish from a Persian recipe. The word itself comes from a Persian name “birinj biriyan” which means “fried rice.”

Travelers would have brought the dish to different regions of India over the years and the recipes adapted to local tastes and ingredients which gave rise to literally dozens of different flavors and combinations.

2 Chicken Tikka Masala Was Made in the 70s in Europe

India is home to some of the most popular cuisine in the world and, according to some surveys, ranks as the fourth most popular after Italian, Japanese and Chinese around the world. Dishes like butter chicken are standout favorites around the world but chicken tikka masala is another huge favorite which can’t even lay claim to India as its country of origin. 

Chicken tikka masala is a relatively new dish which only dates back to the 1970s.The origin has actually been debated, but Scotland has laid claim to being the dish’ birthplace thanks to a chef from Bangladesh working in Glasgow. Ironically, the big debate over where the dish comes from doesn’t necessarily center on a dispute between India and Scotland but Scotland and England, which is also considered the dish’s home and it’s even been referred to as England’s national dish.

There are chefs from India who claim the dish has been made there for generations but most accounts seem to acknowledge the European chefs of Indian origin as the creators.

1. Apple Pie Predates America 

When it comes to linking certain foods with certain places, nothing seems more American than apple pie. Why? Because that’s literally a saying – American as apple pie. And that saying is loaded with more irony than your average pie is loaded with apples thanks to the fact apple pie isn’t American. It’s actually older than America by quite a long time. Heck, apple pie predates Columbus.

The first recorded recipe for apple pie dates back to England in 1381.This recipe wasn’t the apple pie you’d think of and included a number of other ingredients and also an inedible coffin crust meant to hold it together and not to be eaten. But even if you wanted to discount that, you can still find Dutch apple pie recipes as far back as 1514.

European settlers brought apple pie recipes with them to America. America didn’t have apples before they arrived, the fruit isn’t native to the continent. Of course it quickly became a popular dessert staple that remains to this day and, while it may be iconic, it’s not strictly speaking an American dish at all.