On September 8, 1966, Star Trek (frequently referred to as The Original Series) burst onto NBC’s lineup, delivering an episode titled “The Man Trap” that featured a terrifying salt‑vampire woman. That bold opening not only shocked viewers but also nudged the American public toward taking science‑fiction seriously. Though the series was cancelled after its third season, its reruns cultivated a massive, devoted fan base and eventually gave rise to a sprawling, globally‑recognized franchise.

10 examples ingenuity in Action

10 Let’s Start With The Enterprise

In the tumultuous year of 1775, the British sloop‑of‑war George fell into American hands under the command of Colonel Benedict Arnold, who promptly rechristened the vessel USS Enterprise. The ship saw service during the Revolutionary War before being deliberately burned in 1777 to keep it from recapture. Over the next two centuries, a succession of ships bearing the Enterprise name would sail under the U.S. Navy’s flag, with the 1938‑commissioned carrier becoming the most decorated warship of World War II and the 1961‑commissioned carrier earning the distinction of being the world’s first nuclear‑powered aircraft carrier.

When the creators of Star Trek were brainstorming in the mid‑1960s, the moniker Enterprise already enjoyed a storied reputation and was synonymous with American naval excellence. This historical prestige inspired Gene Roddenberry and his team to name the fictional starship that Captain Kirk would command. Little did they know that the show’s soaring popularity would later flip the script, turning a real‑world naval name into a pop‑culture icon.

Fast‑forward to 1974, NASA was preparing its inaugural space shuttle and initially christened it Constitution. A massive wave of fan‑driven letters protested the decision, urging a name with more sci‑fi flair. By 1976, when the shuttle made its public debut in Palmdale, California, the word Enterprise proudly adorned its side, and a handful of Star Trek actors—along with series creator Gene Roddenberry—were on hand for the ceremony.

Virgin Galactic’s first SpaceShipTwo, the VSS Enterprise, lifted off for its maiden flight in October 2010, explicitly honoring the TV series. Unfortunately, the craft’s brief career ended in a crash four years later after a premature deployment of its descent system, underscoring that even the most iconic names can’t guarantee longevity.

Today, the U.S. Navy is constructing a brand‑new nuclear‑powered carrier, again christened USS Enterprise, slated for launch in 2025 to replace its decommissioned predecessor from 2017. One can safely bet that the upcoming commissioning ceremony will feature more tributes to Captain Kirk than to the controversial Colonel Arnold who originally seized the name.

9 The NASA Star Trek Connection

After NASA bowed to public pressure and renamed its first shuttle Enterprise, a subtle but enduring partnership formed between the agency and the cultural juggernaut that is Star Trek. It appears that the series’ massive fan base helped shape NASA’s outreach, recruitment, and even its visual branding, proving that a fictional universe can steer real‑world space policy without breaking a sweat.

One shining example of this synergy involves Nichelle Nichols, who portrayed Lieutenant Uhura. In 1977, NASA invited her to aid their diversity drive, and she remained involved well into the 1980s. Among her many successes was the recruitment of Dr. Sally Ride, who later became the first American woman in space. Ride even earned a fictional starship namesake—USS (Sally) Ride—in the realm of Star Trek: Discovery, cementing the two‑way influence between the franchise and the space agency.

NASA employees grew up watching Star Trek, and the series helped steer many of them toward aerospace careers. This shared heritage shows up in playful gestures, such as the 1993 photo of the shuttle Endeavour’s crew dressed in Starfleet uniforms, complete with a Vulcan salute. In 2012, when the shuttle Enterprise arrived at JFK en route to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, Leonard Nimoy himself stepped onto the scene, returning the favor.

Space‑shuttle missions have also featured tongue‑in‑cheek nods to the series. In 2010, the Discovery’s Window Observational Research Facility carried mission patches emblazoned with letters from the Klingon alphabet, a direct reference to the acronym WORF—also the name of a Klingon character played by Michael Dorn. Engineers couldn’t resist the temptation to sprinkle a little fictional language onto a real‑world scientific venture.

The most astonishing testament to this crossover is the IXS Enterprise, a conceptual warp‑drive starship rendered in CGI that blends the TV Enterprise’s silhouette with the sleek lines of a modern space shuttle, complete with two glowing warp rings. It’s mind‑boggling to think that engineers who grew up idolizing Captain Kirk are now drafting designs that echo the very ships they once only imagined on screen.

8 Mobile Devices

Although the first handheld cellular devices predate Star Trek by a couple of decades, the series’ iconic communicator undeniably nudged the evolution of today’s mobile phones. Motorola’s Martin Cooper, who led the team that birthed the first portable cellphone in 1973, openly admitted that watching Captain Kirk speak into a sleek, futuristic gadget sparked part of his imagination. While he also cited Dick Tracy’s wrist radio as an influence, the 1990s saw manufacturers deliberately echoing Kirk’s design in their own products.

The very first flip phone, released in 1996 and christened the Motorola StarTAC, seemed almost too coincidental to ignore. A decade later, Cingular launched the HTC Startrek, unabashedly spelling out its homage. Apple’s 2007 iPhone revolutionized the market, yet the nostalgic allure of flip phones endures, with a dedicated fan base proudly emulating Kirk’s classic call‑and‑response style.

Touchscreen smartphones—dominated by iPhones and Android devices—quickly rose to prominence, and the underlying technology soon migrated to tablets. Users of iPads can now imagine themselves as Captain Jean‑Luc Picard, tapping into a sleek, rectangular interface reminiscent of the handheld consoles seen aboard the Enterprise in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Those on‑screen devices appeared on television roughly twenty years before Apple introduced the groundbreaking iPad.

Beyond phones and tablets, the ripple effect reached early personal computers. The 1975 MITS Altair 8800, often cited as the first home computer, is rumored to have taken its name from the star mentioned in the “Amok Time” episode of the original series. That same machine hosted a text‑based “Star Trek” game, which, despite its painfully slow load times, delighted fans eager to explore the final frontier from their living rooms.

All told, the lineage from Kirk’s handheld communicator to today’s omnipresent smartphones illustrates how a fictional device can inspire real‑world engineers to bring a piece of the future into everyday life, one call at a time.

7 The Thingamabob In Uhura’s Ear

Lt. Uhura, the brilliant communications officer, dazzled viewers not just with her poise, but also with her eye‑catching green hoop earrings, immaculate hair, and chic uniform. Yet, perched on her ear was a modest metal earpiece that looked like a forgotten tool from Scotty’s engineering bay—an odd little gadget that, in hindsight, was ahead of its time.

That earpiece functioned as a wireless receiver linked directly to the ship’s computer, granting Uhura the freedom to move about the bridge while monitoring signals and dispatching messages. The Original Series flaunted an array of wireless tech, from subspace communication to instantaneous viewscreen transmissions, and even the transporter’s beam‑up process could be viewed as a sophisticated data‑streaming operation.

During the 1960s, when the series aired, most households were only beginning to encounter true wireless devices: transistor radios, the occasional television set, and children’s walkie‑talkies. Today, we barely blink at Uhura’s earpiece, as we’re enveloped in a sea of wireless signals—Wi‑Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, and more—that keep us constantly connected, recreating, and navigating.

Our modern world is saturated with wireless infrastructure: Wi‑Fi hotspots, radio frequencies, WANs, MANs, LANs, and even personal area networks (PANs) like Bluetooth, which stream music and calls straight to our earbuds. Whether we’re shouting in an elevator, humming in a restroom stall, or pumping iron at the gym, wireless tech is the invisible thread stitching our daily lives together.

Looking back, it’s easy to see that Uhura’s seemingly clunky earpiece was a precursor to the sleek, invisible connectivity we now take for granted. What once appeared as a quirky prop has become a cornerstone of contemporary communication.

6 Synthehol

While the crew of Kirk’s Enterprise enjoyed genuine alcoholic libations, the officers aboard Picard’s ship turned to a novel concoction called synthebal. In the Ten‑Forward lounge, Guinan (played by Whoopi Goldberg) served this engineered beverage, which promised the taste of real booze without the dreaded hangover, excessive intoxication, or health risks.

In the real world, British scientist David Nutt has been pursuing a synthetic alcohol alternative for years. His formulation, initially dubbed alcosynth—a playful nod to synthehol—has been rebranded as Alcarelle. This compound targets specific GABA receptors in the brain, mirroring alcohol’s effects while sidestepping its harmful side‑effects. Early trials suggest Alcarelle doesn’t produce hangovers and poses no liver‑damage risk. Though still in development, the team at GABALabs hopes to license the ingredient to beverage manufacturers, aiming for a market launch in the UK by 2025.

5 Space Burial

In the Starfleet universe, fallen officers are often placed inside photon torpedoes and ejected into the void, where they either incinerate upon atmospheric re‑entry or drift eternally among the stars. As humanity pushes farther into deep space, the concept of a space burial becomes increasingly relevant for future long‑duration missions.

The inaugural space burial was an honorary tribute to Gene Roddenberry, the visionary behind Star Trek. After his 1991 passing, a portion of his ashes rode aboard the shuttle Columbia and briefly ventured into orbit before returning to Earth, symbolically honoring his legacy.

James Doohan, beloved for his role as Scotty, also received multiple posthumous space burials. Following his 2005 death, his cremated remains were launched on the SpaceLoft XL rocket in 2007, granting a four‑minute orbital experience. In 2008, his ashes rode on a failed SpaceX Falcon 1 launch, and later that year, entrepreneur Richard Garriott smuggled them aboard the International Space Station for a 12‑day private mission. A successful Falcon 9 flight in 2012 carried Doohan’s remains for nine days, and a 2022 Celestis mission—dubbed the “Enterprise Flight”—promised a final, permanent journey beyond the Moon, alongside the ashes of Gene Roddenberry and his wife Majel Barrett Roddenberry.

4 Virtual Reality

Gene Dolgoff, the visionary CEO of Holobeam Technologies, pioneered holography and three‑dimensional imaging as early as the 1960s. In 1971 he invented holographic transfer printing for credit cards, and by 1973 he was meeting with Gene Roddenberry and his wife Majel. During that meeting, Dolgoff explained the mechanics of holograms, sparking Roddenberry’s imagination about “matter holograms”—rooms composed entirely of projected light—a notion that would later surface on Star Trek: The Animated Series in 1974.

The Animated Series, often the most overlooked of the franchise, introduced a “recreation room” in the episode “The Practical Joker.” This space allowed crew members to experience fully immersive holographic environments, laying the groundwork for what would later become the famed holodeck.

When Star Trek: The Next Generation premiered in September 1987, the holodeck became a central feature of the Enterprise‑D, offering crew members limitless simulated experiences—from historical reenactments to exotic adventures. The concept even expanded to Quark’s holosuites on Deep Space Nine, proving that commercial applications of immersive tech were on the horizon.

Today’s engineers and developers, many of whom grew up watching Picard’s holodeck, are channeling that inspiration into modern virtual‑reality platforms. From gaming simulations to cockpit training and architectural visualizations, the push toward fully immersive environments echoes the show’s vision.

One of the biggest hurdles remains delivering a truly sensory experience without cumbersome headsets—creating “holomatter” that engages sight, sound, smell, and touch. While many tech firms claim they’re close, skeptics argue that recreating the physics‑defying capabilities of the holodeck may forever remain in the realm of science fiction.

Nevertheless, Dolgoff remains optimistic, suggesting that matter holograms could eventually evolve into transporter‑like technology, raising profound ethical questions about identity, replication, and the very nature of consciousness.

3 Star Trek References Exist Every Freakin‑Where

Since the Original Series entered syndication, Star Trek has seeped into everyday American vernacular, embedding terms like “landing party,” “class M planet,” “warp speed,” and “make it so” into the cultural lexicon. Phrases such as “tribbles,” “transporters,” “the prime directive,” and “food replicators” are instantly recognizable across generations, while words like “stardate,” “redshirt,” “phaser,” and “tricorder” have become part of pop‑culture shorthand.

Visual motifs from the franchise—most notably the bridge layout and the distinctive uniform colors—have been parodied in countless comedy sketches on shows like SNL and Family Guy. Series such as The Big Bang Theory and Futurama weave Trekkie Easter eggs into nearly every episode, while musicians across genres have dropped nods to the series in hits ranging from Nena’s “99 Red Balloons” to the Beastie Boys’ “Intergalactic.” Ariana Grande even sampled the red‑alert klaxon in “Problem,” and Information Society featured Leonard Nimoy’s voice in “What’s on Your Mind (Pure Energy).”

One of the earliest Trekkie‑inspired commercials aired in 1969, featuring a Vulcan masquerading as a Klingon to demonstrate Cheer laundry detergent. Since then, the franchise has appeared in ads for everything from Samsung smartphones to Pizza Hut, with IKEA incorporating the “Amok Time” theme in a 2012 spot and a 2016 Super Bowl ad showcasing Andorian aliens promoting Mexican avocados. The pervasive presence of Star Trek in marketing underscores its status as a lucrative cultural touchstone.

2 The United States Space Force

On December 20, 2019, President Donald Trump signed the legislation that birthed the United States Space Force, formally separating it from the Air Force’s historic space program that dates back to the 1940s. When the new service unveiled its official seal a month later, fans immediately noted the striking resemblance to the fictional Starfleet Command insignia, sparking endless side‑by‑side comparisons online.

While the delta‑shaped emblem has been used by the Air Force for its space initiatives since 1961, the visual similarity suggests that Star Trek may have provided a subtle design cue. The Space Force, however, has gone a step further by sprinkling Trek‑style references throughout its culture: its Space Operations Command (SpOC) deliberately mirrors the name “Spock,” and its experimental tracking program carries the moniker “Kobayashi Maru,” echoing the infamous training scenario that Captain Kirk famously outwitted.

Unlike NASA, whose ethos is rooted in peaceful exploration, the Space Force operates as a militarized branch, meaning its missions combine both defensive and exploratory objectives. While the Enterprise’s motto—“to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations”—evokes a spirit of peaceful discovery, the ship also wielded phasers and photon torpedoes, mirroring the dual nature of the new service.

1 Where No Nonagenarian Has Gone Before

On October 13, 2021, William Shatner—who first imagined himself as Captain James T. Kirk at age 35—took to the skies aboard Blue Origin’s pilot‑less New Shepard rocket at the remarkable age of ninety. Accompanied by microbiologist Glen de Vries, entrepreneur Chris Boshuizen, and Blue Origin’s VP of flight operations Audrey Powers, the crew experienced three minutes of weightlessness before a gentle 2 mph touchdown.

Upon emerging, Shatner was greeted by Jeff Bezos, who heard the actor exclaim, “It was so moving to me,” before adding, “I hope I never recover from this. I hope that I can maintain what I feel now. I don’t want to lose it.” The moment was hailed by de Vries as “the ultimate manifestation of science fiction becoming science.”

George Takei, who portrayed Ensign Sulu, offered a more critical take, suggesting Shatner was an unfit test subject. Yet he also quipped, “He’s boldly going where other people have gone before,” underscoring the historic nature of a nonagenarian venturing into space.

Back in 1966, only a handful of astronauts and cosmonauts existed, representing just two nations. Over the following 55 years, humanity has sent men to the Moon, built space shuttles, erected the International Space Station, and launched a thriving commercial space‑tourism industry. By 2021, roughly 600 astronauts from 42 different countries had ventured beyond Earth’s atmosphere, though criteria for “spaceflight” can vary, and the distinction between career astronauts and space‑tourist passengers is often blurred. ]]> https://listorati.com/10-examples-ingenuity-star-trek-through-time/feed/ 0 6655 https://listorati.com/10-animals-that-display-human-ingenuity/ https://listorati.com/10-animals-that-display-human-ingenuity/#respond Fri, 24 Feb 2023 13:12:57 +0000 https://listorati.com/10-animals-that-display-human-ingenuity/

There’s no doubt humans are the most clever animals on the planet Earth. We developed tool making 2.6 million years ago and in the present we have Swiss army knives and cheese graters, so it’s all worked out well. While animals have yet to develop iPhones and vape pens, that doesn’t mean they haven’t developed their own ingenious solutions to various problems. Here are some of the most impressive examples. 

10. Crocodiles Use Twigs To Bait Birds

Thanks to Steve Irwin, most of us have an appreciation for what a crocodile can and can’t do. These prehistoric throwbacks have a bite strength of 3,700 pounds per square inch, which is about the most powerful you’ll find anywhere on the planet, and can lunge at prey at a speed of about 12 meters per second, which means if you don’t see it before it attacks you probably never will. 

Research shows that, in addition to their impressive list of biological advantages, crocodiles are more clever than you might think. When brute force and speed fail, they can use trickery. Crocodiles have been witnessed using sticks as bait to attract nest-building birds. 

The technique basically involves using themselves as platters during the birds’ nesting season. Alligators and crocodiles will rest with sticks on their snouts. Birds that get close to try to gather the materials are snapped up and eaten. 

9. Teamwork Makes the Dream Work for Badgers and Coyotes

In school and business, we’re often pushed into working with others under the assumption that teamwork makes us all better. Research doesn’t necessarily bear that out, of course, and some people hate teamwork for good reason. But there are definitely times when teamwork does get things accomplished and there’s even unlikely evidence of it in the animal kingdom. For instance, when badgers and coyotes team up together to hunt. 

Their partnership was witnessed by Native Americans even before Europeans came to North America, so there’s a long history of it working. Both animals hunt similar prey, but in different ways. If a badger wants a gopher, he’ll dig down into a burrow for it while a coyote will chase it on the land. This means that a gopher can adapt its defense to either of the predators, but not to both. Above ground, it can outrun a badger. Below ground it can outwit a coyote. So when they hunt together, the gopher is out of options.

One member of the hunting team will inevitably win the prey and no, they don’t share. But hunting together optimizes their chances of both catching prey in the long term, so the arrangement is beneficial even if only one will ever eat at a time. The fact the animals can recognize this is pretty remarkable. 

8. Dolphins Can Hydroplane to Hunt

We all know dolphins are intelligent and they have displayed things like abstract thinking and empathy on many occasions. It shouldn’t come as a surprise then that they’re very crafty when it comes to problem solving on the fly. This has been witnessed and even filmed before when it comes to how they can use their intelligence to get otherwise hard to catch prey. 

Dolphins have learned to hydroplane when they need to reach prey that would normally be out of reach. In shallow water, a dolphin can technically only travel so far. But their prey is much smaller so they can comfortably swim in water that can accommodate a dolphin. Except when dolphins hydroplane across the surface like living boogie boards to grab a fish that thought it was safe. 

It’s not a common hunting tool for dolphins, but in a pinch, they’ll do it. Young dolphins can watch their mothers do it and then learn the skill themselves.

7. Elephant Takes Out an Electric Fence

Upwards of 30,000 elephants are killed by poachers every year, despite all the campaigns people have heard about to stem the tide of this slaughter. And while there are many efforts being put into place to prevent this killing, obviously it’s not always working. And, unfortunately, sometimes that’s due in part to how craft elephants themselves can be.

In many protected areas of Africa, low-voltage electric fences are used to keep elephants in safe, monitored areas. But no one told the elephants that and they don’t always want to stay where humans want them. So sometimes the elephants will actually disable these electric fences to get to the other side. More than once, elephants have been observed testing the current with their trunks, and then using logs or even removing the fence poles to disable the fence itself.

6. Dolphins Use Sea Sponge Armor

Because dolphins are so clever, you can bet they have more tricks up their sleeves than just hydroplaning. For instance, when they need to they can use armor to protect themselves as they hunt. Back in 1984, scientists observed dolphins tearing up pieces of sea sponges and then carrying them in their beaks, making a little glove for their faces. 

The sponge is able to protect the face of the dolphin as it roots around on the seafloor to dig up prey. They won’t get cut by rocks and coral and they’ll force out fish they can eat. 

Since dolphins are fairly skilled at catching fish in open water, researchers wanted to know why they’d even bother with this complex maneuver. Turns out, the fish on the bottom are often more nutritious. They also don’t have swim bladders, which a dolphin can identify with echolocation. So hunting this way makes them easier to find.

As an added twist, this is a fairly unique skill even among dolphins. It’s only been observed in a small population, and mothers teach the skill to their daughters but not their sons. 

The honey badger meme showed up on the internet in 2011 and you could make a strong case that many people didn’t even know what a honey badger was before that. Since then, these furious little African mammals have been a part of pop culture, but they’re also causing a scene any place they’re being held in captivity. Honey badgers don’t like being enclosed and they are incredibly industrious about getting past obstacles. 

Honey badgers are some of the most adept escape artists in the animal kingdom. They will stack mud, use sticks, and climb anything placed in enclosures to help scale walls. One badger was paired with a friend once and the two teamed up to open a more complex lock together. But that isn’t the end of it. 

Beyond escaping, honey badgers can also demonstrate creativity in problem solving. They’re able to think outside the box, as it were, and solve problems to reach goals like accessing food in hard to reach places. 

4. Crows Create Hooks for Hunting

Birds have long been considered intelligent animals if for no other reason than many of them excel at mimicry. You only need to hear one bird say hello or curse you out to realize they have some skills most other animals lack. There was a budgie named Puck that has a world record for having a 1,728 word vocabulary, which may be more than some people. And that’s the least of the skills birds possess.

Crows, which can also talk, have also demonstrated a highly effective tool building skill that helps them in hunting and problem solving. Crows have been put to the test with fairly complex problems and tasked with opening boxes to get food. The number of steps a crow can go through to reach a goal is remarkable and has been filmed to show off how easily a crow can pull it off. In one test, a crow needed to solve eight separate puzzles in a row to achieve his goal, which he achieved in just minutes. 

Even without man-made puzzles designed with a specific solution, crows have demonstrated their own problem solving by way of tool building. It turns out crows understand the fundamentals of something like a hook or a rake. They’re able to create their own and use them to dig up insects that they couldn’t otherwise reach with their beaks. The hooks even have barbed ends like a fishing hook to ensure the bugs they hunt don’t slip back off. 

3. Sea Otters Use Stone Anvils

Otters are one of those adorable and playful animals that pop up in viral videos so often and get shared around. People seem to love them even though it’s worth noting an otter will straight up try to kill you if you cross it. But that aside, they are crafty animals in their own right and have demonstrated some clever problem solving of their own in the wild.

Sea otters were once nearly wiped from existence thanks to the fur trade. Efforts to preserve them have allowed them to make a slow comeback and along with that has come a study of the animals and their habits. A unique aspect of this is what researchers have learned because of the tools the animals used to hunt. 

Otters eat mussels and to break into them they tend to do one of two things. They will either hold a rock in their paws and use it like a hammer, breaking a mussel open on their chest while they float on their backs, or they use a stationary rock.

The stationary rock works like an anvil. The otter brings the mussel down on the rock to crack it open. Research on areas where otters hunt has offered up an abundance of information about how otters live. There are rocks that bear evidence of being used as anvils for years, including piles of thousands of discarded mussel shells. The damage pattern on the shells and the observation of how otters use them even shows that otters have a paw preference, similar to how a human will be left or right handed, when it comes to accomplishing these tasks. 

2. Burrowing Owls Bait Their Homes with Dung to Attract Beetles

Burrowing owls are some of the tiniest and most adorable little owls in the world. They’re smaller than pigeons and, as their name suggests, they live in little holes in the ground. Given their size, they can’t exactly hunt large prey, so they aim for smaller things. In particular, they really enjoy dung beetles. 

The thing about dung beetles is they tend to be pretty predictable. For instance, if you want to catch one, you need to look for dung. It’s right in the beetle’s name. And burrowing owls understand this. They understand it so well that they’ve learned how to bring dung beetles to them instead of going out on a hunt and putting themselves at risk.

Since dung beetles like mammalian dung, burrowing owls go out and collect poop. They bring it home and bait the entrances to their burrows with it, which draws the dung beetles in and ensures that the owls don’t have to go far to find a meal. 

It was hypothesized that the dung might be a tool to mask the scent of a den from predators, but experiments proved this isn’t the case. The owls are just fishing for beetles. 

1. Polar Bears Hurl Boulders at Prey

Polar bears are the largest carnivore on land in the entire world. It seems like, if they started using tools, it’d just be overkill. On the other hand, what’s the fun of being the largest land carnivore and not pushing the limits? Polar bears do use tools and they use them for one thing – killing more effectively. 

Polar bears weigh up to around 1,300 pounds. The biggest on record was just over 2,000 pounds. Polar bears hunt walruses and the biggest walrus ever was over 3,700 pounds. On the low end of the scale, they weigh about 1,700 pounds. They also have incredibly strong skulls. Plus, they have giant tusks. So, in general, a walrus is bigger than a polar bear. This has led polar bears to hunt walruses by hurling rocks at them. 

The Inuit have known the bears do this for generations, but science is slow to listen to people sometimes. The bears climb cliffs and hurl rocks or chunks of ice with remarkable accuracy, busting the skulls of their prey.