For human beings, death has always been an experience as undesirable as it is inevitable. Regardless of any effort, everyone eventually ceases to exist. And such is the case that many more people have died throughout history than the number of those who live today.^[1] But as much as this is a reality, not everyone thinks the same.

Some individuals have convinced themselves that in some way, at some point, they will be able to cheat death for good. So over the centuries, numerous people have sought ways to achieve immortality, whether through a weird drink or a scientific procedure. Let’s look at ten of those people, as well as their strange attempts to live forever.

10 Sima Pi

It is a well-known fact that the ancient Chinese emperors often developed a strong desire to live forever. Fearing that their lives would end abruptly and that their dynasties would disappear, these rulers were able to risk everything trying to achieve eternal youth. For example, the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, believed that a mercury-based drink was the key to becoming immortal, so he consumed it regularly. But he was not the only case, and other emperors went even farther—too far, actually.

In AD 361, Emperor Mu of the Eastern Jin dynasty died without heirs, so his cousin Sima Pi became the new ruler, receiving the title of Emperor Ai. Sima Pi was a great believer in the Daoist spiritual philosophy, one of the oldest in the world, and that was when he began to obsess over the idea of immortality. So he had magicians develop a chemical formula that would give him eternal life. In 364, the magicians gave Sima Pi the result, the “pill of immortality,” and the emperor did not hesitate to ingest it.^[2]

After taking the pill, Emperor Ai became seriously ill, so he had to leave his position as ruler after only three years on the throne. In a great irony, Sima Pi finally died in 365, at the young age of 24. His obsession with living eternally ended up killing him before his time. As he also died without leaving heirs to the throne, his brother Sima Yi became the new emperor of the Jin dynasty.

9 Shojin

Shingon is an esoteric doctrine within Buddhism, introduced in Japan in the ninth century. The founder of this cult is Kobo Daishi, a religious leader who died in 835. However, his followers say he did not die but rather that toward the end of his life, he entered a deep state of meditation in which he remains to this day, awaiting the coming of the next Buddha. What this man actually did is inspire a process called sokushinbutsu, an ancient practice of self-mummification with the presumed purpose of achieving immortality.

Two centuries later, a man named Shojin wanted to repeat the experience of Kobo Daishi and enter that state of eternal meditation. As he grew older, Shojin decided it was time to mummify himself alive. The process of self-mummification was long and painful. During a period of 1,000 days, the monk had to spend his time only meditating or feeding on the trees. And when we say “feeding on the trees,” we do not mean eating fruits or something like that; it involved eating roots and tree bark. This was done with the purpose of eliminating all body fat.

After this, the person had to drink a special tea for another 1,000 days. This tea was poisonous, and in addition to repelling parasites, it also contributed to the mummification of the monk while he was still alive. The truth is that once the ritual was completed in 1081, Shojin, aged 71, felt that the end of his life was near and then proceeded to bury himself alive to finish the sokushinbutsu.^[3] However, when his disciples entered the tomb to see Shojin some time later, they found his body in a state of decomposition. According to tradition, this implied that the process failed, and the state of meditation was not achieved. So probably, Shojin was subjected to an exorcism, after which his body was reburied.

8 Unidentified Russian Men

During the first half of the 20th century, when the effects of radiation were still not well-understood, people often believed that radioactive materials could improve their health. Some time later, comics began to appear about superheroes who obtained their powers after being exposed to radiation. And even now, some people believe that radioactive waste can grant them eternal life. In fact, there are those who think that the following people in this item were influenced by the stories of Marvel Comics to do what they did.

In March 2013, the police in Moscow arrested a university professor for storing large amounts of radioactive material in his house. Then, the man’s confession baffled the authorities. It happens that a friend of the detainee believed that radiation could make him immortal.^[4] So, on one occasion, the man traveled to Chernobyl to expose himself to radiation from the failed nuclear plant. Later, this friend asked the professor for help to get radioactive waste and thus complete his path to immortality.

The professor managed to store 14 kilograms (31 lb) of radioactive material in his home, including a radon battery and contaminated soil. In the end, and according to the detainee’s statements, he managed to use the material to expose his friend to radiation. Under the charge of illegal handling of nuclear materials, the professor could have faced a sentence of up to seven years in prison. Although the authorities did not give any personal information about the two involved, this shows that there can be many more anonymous people around the world trying something crazy to unlock infinite life.

7 Emperor Wenxuan

Here we have another Chinese emperor eager to obtain extreme longevity, Emperor Wenxuan. But unlike the aforementioned Emperor Ai, Wenxuan was more cautious and decided not to risk losing his life instead of gaining it. After several demonstrations of military strength, Wenxuan ascended to the throne in AD 550 and became the first emperor of the Northern Qi dynasty. Wenxuan seems to have been an unstable man, with strange and sometimes contradictory behavior. On the one hand, he was a vegetarian and even promoted laws to free animals from captivity. But on the other hand, Wenxuan was aggressive and bloodthirsty. Over the years, the emperor aggravated his problems with alcohol while enjoying the violence. Among his “feats,” Wenxuan came to the point of dismembering people and ordering the killing of children.

The biggest irony about Wenxuan is that the man was a believer in Buddhist doctrine, a philosophy mostly based on the principle of compassion. Among his beliefs, Wenxuan also wanted to achieve immortality at any cost. Once, he tested some men who called themselves “immortals” to see if they lived up to such a title. He challenged them to climb a high place, jump off the cliff, and fly through the skies as legendary immortals. As expected, all those who made the attempt died smashed into the ground.

On one occasion, Wenxuan ordered some teachers to prepare him gold cinnabar, an alchemical elixir that was believed to grant immortality. When the elixir was completed and delivered to the emperor, Wenxuan kept it in a jade box. According to his words, he enjoyed Earthly pleasures too much to risk dying and ascending to Heaven so soon.^[5] So he decided to keep the elixir safe and take it only when he was near death.

6 James Schafer

James Schafer was the leader of a religious cult founded by himself in the 1920s. This cult was described as a combination of numerous religious doctrines and attracted thousands of wealthy believers. Thanks to these people, Schafer managed to make a fortune and buy a 110-room mansion on Long Island, which he called “Peace Haven.” The mansion would become a second home for his closest followers. Among his many teachings, Schafer claimed that he could dematerialize anything in his path and that diseases were caused by “destructive thoughts.” This last thing is what leads to his inclusion in this list.

In 1939, the cult of James Schafer brought to Peace Haven a baby girl named Jean Gauntt. This girl was not legally adopted; her parents gave her to the organization because they were too poor to take care of her. Schafer’s intention was to raise baby Jean so that she would become immortal. And when she had grown enough, Jean would take control of the cult forever. To give immortality to the three-month-old baby, she was constantly monitored so as not to expose her to “destructive” activities.^[6] She was to learn metaphysics and follow a strict vegetarian diet, and no one around her could mention negative ideas in her presence. Over time, Jean would also learn about the existence of death, although under the belief that it can be avoided.

Unfortunately for Schafer, his dream of raising an immortal girl did not last long. By 1940, the organization began to run out of money. So Schafer decided to return the girl to her parents, but not without giving them his immortality recipe for Jean, too. However, the girl’s parents immediately discarded his advice. Accused of fraud, Schafer was sentenced to five years in prison in 1942, and in 1955, he committed suicide.

5 Pope Innocent VIII

In an attempt to look younger, many people undergo a treatment in which they draw their own blood and inject it into their faces. But what people don’t usually do is ingest blood from younger people in order to gain their vitality. However, this was not always the case.

Giovanni Battista Cibo reached the peak of his ecclesiastical career when he became pope in 1484, and from the beginning, he was a pontiff involved in controversy. The newly named Pope Innocent VIII had at least two illegitimate children, was elected as the new pope under dubious circumstances, and received numerous criticisms for corruption cases.

But after a brief eight years of papal exercise, Innocent VIII began to fall ill and was not prepared to die. So he asked some physicians to help him, and they came up with a solution. The physicians brought three boys before the pope, and in exchange for a ducat (a gold coin), they agreed to give their blood to the pontiff.

As a rejuvenation technique, the physicians performed a blood transfusion to Innocent VIII, slowly draining the blood of the boys. Unfortunately, the three boys and the pope all ended up dying in the middle of the procedure. Shortly before his death, Innocent VIII asked his cardinals to choose a better successor than himself.^[7] Hopefully, that would mean not taking liters of blood from some children to become immortal.

4 FM-2030

Cryonics is defined as a scientific technique in which a person’s body is frozen at extremely low temperatures. This procedure has the objective of preserving the individual for decades or centuries until science in the future can revive them. Cryopreserving a person involves filling the body with chemicals that prevent the formation of ice so that all organs—including the brain—remain intact in the extreme cold. The freezing of the human body without harmful formation of ice is a process known as vitrification.

Fereidoun M. Esfandiary was a futuristic visionary born in Belgium in 1930. During his early years, he moved through several European countries and studied at universities and colleges from England to Jerusalem. He even participated in the 1948 Olympic Games. But after moving to the United States in the 1950s, Esfandiary embraced his career as a writer and philosopher, speculating on the changes that human civilization would undergo in the future. He was a firm believer in transhumanism, the idea that with technology, humans will eventually solve all their problems, including death. This way of thinking gave him recognition and allowed him to work as a consultant and lecturer in many American institutions and universities.

That was when F.M. Esfandiary decided to change his name to FM-2030. The second part of his new name is the year in which he believed that humankind would finally achieve immortality. In addition, in 2030, he would be 100 years old. However, FM-2030 suffered an abrupt end in 2000, when he died of pancreatic cancer. But by that point, he had already devised a way to not miss the future. Quickly, the Alcor Life Extension Foundation took care of FM-2030 and cryopreserved his body—just his head, to be more specific.^[8] Alcor is one of the leading cryonics companies in the world, with more than 160 people already frozen and another 1,500 clients who have not yet died. Among those frozen is FM-2030, waiting to wake up the day humans learn to live forever.

3 Alexander Bogdanov

The infamous Pope Innocent VIII was not alone in believing that the blood of others is the key to eternal youth. Centuries later, another authority—this time a political one—would follow in his footsteps. Alexander Bogdanov was born in Russia in 1873 and became a respected Communist leader. However, some of his most extreme ideas got him a five-year exile. Bogdanov served as a doctor during World War I, and a few years later, he stopped prioritizing politics to devote himself to science.

Bogdanov spent time exploring the potential benefits of blood transfusions, a relatively new technique for his time. Among other things, the physician believed that blood transfusions could not only cure diseases but also extend a person’s life. With the support of the famous revolutionary Joseph Stalin, Bogdanov obtained his own institute of blood transfusions, a large building in Moscow, in 1926.

But about two years before that, Bogdanov had already begun to test the potential of blood to increase life expectancy indefinitely. Together with his wife, the scientist received more than ten blood transfusions from younger individuals. These people were generally supporters of Bogdanov’s theory and also wanted to extend their own lives. However, in 1928, things went really wrong for the physician.

Alexander proceeded to receive blood from a young man who had tuberculosis, although the former considered himself immune to the disease. A few hours after the transfusion, both of them suffered an adverse reaction. And while the young donor recovered, Bogdanov died two weeks later due to renal failure. It seems that in the end, blood transfusions were too risky to achieve immortality. Nevertheless, multiple people claimed that both Bogdanov and his wife looked ten years younger after the blood exchanges.^[9]

2 Anatoli Brouchkov

Alchemy and cryonics are well-known techniques in the search for immortality. But undergoing a bacterial therapy is not. Some people believe they can get the longevity superpower of bacteria if they inject such microbes directly into their bloodstream. And in this case, we are referring specifically to recognized science experts.

In 2009, Russian scientists from Moscow State University found ancient bacteria buried in Siberian ice. Apparently, these bacteria are about 3.5 million years old and are still alive today. How these microbes are so durable, however, is not something very well-understood. After injecting these bacteria (called Bacillus F) into mice, flies, and plants, the results showed that all test subjects were stronger and healthier.

So instead of waiting to further analyze the bacteria’s behavior, the leader of the research team, Anatoli Brouchkov, decided to test the microbes on himself in 2013. He injected a colony of the super-bacteria into his blood, waiting for some effect. Believe it or not, the scientist is still alive, and according to his statements, he’s better than ever. In 2015, Brouchkov said he felt revitalized and that during the two years since he injected the bacteria, he did not have the flu again.^[10]

It remains to be seen if this experiment also made him immortal, though. Either way, Brouchkov is not the only one with the microbial elixir of life in his veins. In 2017, he gave a bunch of his bacteria to a German actress so that she could try them out, too.

1 Elizabeth Parrish

Elizabeth Parrish is the founder of an American biotech company called BioViva Sciences. One of the purposes of this company is to extend the life expectancy of human beings through gene therapy. This revolutionary technique is based on modifying the DNA of a person with advanced programs and then reimplanting the modified genes into the patient. Over time, these genetic changes spread through the body of the person and begin to produce effects. And one of the objectives of these procedures is to reverse our biological age—that is, to stop human aging.

How could such a thing be achieved? It happens that the DNA packed in chromosomes is protected by molecular structures called telomeres. As time passes and the cells continue to multiply, the telomeres shorten and thus leave the DNA more vulnerable to damage. As a result of telomere shortening, cells can only divide so many times and will ultimately die, which, in simple words, causes our aging. This process also increases the risk of suffering from multiple diseases, including cancer. So during a secret procedure in 2015, Parrish decided to inject a dose of enzymes that lengthen the telomeres in multiple areas of her body. She was the first person to try such treatment.

Before the procedure, it was estimated that Parrish, 44 at the time of the experiment, had a higher biological age of 65 years. Six months after the gene therapy, her biological age was incredibly lowered to 45 years. And in 2018, without having gone through any other similar intervention after that, Parrish had rejuvenated on a cellular level to an age of about 30 years.^[11] Several experts have raised doubts about the risks of this procedure, but the results of the treatment at the very least seem to have been scientifically proven. So Elizabeth Parrish is probably, among all the people on this list, the one who seems to have come closest to achieving human immortality.

Economy student, passionate about Graphic Design, an avid enthusiast of the art of writing.

Qin Shi Huang was a ruler unlike any the world had ever seen. He rose his armies against every kingdom around him and conquered them all. He became the first emperor of a united China, and he left his mark on the world. He started the Great Wall, built the Terracotta Warriors, and left behind a legacy unlike any before.

No one had ever taken as much from life as Qin Shi Huang —and the thought of losing it terrified him. No matter how many armies he conquered, the specter of death still followed after him. He saw, ever in wait, the inescapability of his own mortality. He refused to accept it. After conquering China, the first Emperor waged a new war against death itself.

10He Had All Scholars Focus on Making an Elixir of Immortality

Qin Shi Huang feared that the people would rebel against him. If they learned about the past, he believed, they might long for a different time—and so he had every book of history, poetry, and philosophy gathered up and burned.

Some believe, though, that this was about more than controlling the people. Qin Shi Huang wanted every wise mind in China working on one thing: the secret of immortality. After all, he could not have strong minds wasting time on poetry when they could be helping him cheat death.

He had several alchemists put to work developing the elixir of immortality, but that, of course, was an impossible task. When two alchemists admitted they could not do it, Qin Shi Huang became furious. Every intellectual, he ordered, must suffer.

For failing to make him immortal, Qin Shi Huang had 460 scholars buried alive. These men, Qin Shi Huang declared, claimed to be sorcerers. If they really had magic powers, then they could bring themselves back to life.

9He Sent 6000 Virgins off to Find the Mountains of Heaven

As his scholars had failed him, Qin Shi Huang traveled to Zhifu Island, where he had heard that a man could find the secret to eternal life. There he met the magician Xu Fu, who assured him that it could be done.

Xu Fu promised him that the elixir of immortality was waiting for him on Penglai Mountain. This was not a real place—it was the mythical home of the Eight Immortals, and a pathway to the gods. Here, Xu Fu told the emperor, lived a 1,000-year-old magician named Anqi Sheng who would share the secret.

Qin Shi Huang was pleased. He gave Xu Fu a fleet of ships and let him sail out in search of the elixir of immortality. And, soon, Xu Fu returned, insisting that he had found it. The island of the immortals, Xu Fu said, was full of grass that would give the emperor eternal life—but the immortals demanded a sacrifice. He needed to bring 6,000 virgins to get the elixir.

Qin Shi Huang believed him, and he gave him what he needed. For the next eight years, Xu Fu did not go anywhere near the emperor—he just sailed around the sea with 6,000 virgins, while Qin Shi Huang patiently awaited an elixir that would never come.

As mystical as the story sounds, there is evidence that suggests it is true. On Zhifu Island, Qin Shi Huang etched the words, “Arrive at Fu and carved the stone”—an engraving that is still there today.

8He Forbid Anyone from Using First-Person Pronouns

Qin Shi Huang was convinced that he was going to become an immortal god. He even labeled himself one. After uniting China, he threw away the old title of “king” and took a new one: “huangdi.” It is a word we usually translate to “emperor,” but that is not quite accurate—it really means “god.”

He also made it law that, from now on, no one could use the first-person pronoun “zhen.” Now that all kings had bowed down before him, he declared, no one else could refer to themselves with a term that conferred respect. From now on, every Chinese citizen would have to refer to themselves with the word “wo,” a word that, at the time, meant, “this worthless body.”

After Xu Fu had promised him immortality, though, even Qin Shi Huang stopped using the word “zhen.” Now, he declared, he must be called “The True Man”—a title that told the world that he had become immortal.

7He Made Decoys Ride in His Carriage

To become immortal, though, Qin Shi Huang would have to stay alive until Xu Fu came back. This was not a sure thing. There had already been many attempts on his life, and he had made many enemies on the path to becoming emperor. He lived in fear of his own death at every moment—and so, when he traveled, he started putting a decoy in his royal carriage.

It ended up saving his life. A man named Zhang Liang was plotting his death. Zhang Liang was a man destined to become the chancellor to the Han king until Qin Shi Huang conquered the Han kingdom and reduced its nobles to nothing. Zhang Liang wanted revenge.

He teamed up with China’s strongest man, Gan Ba, who dragged a 160 lb (72.5 kg) hammer up to the top of a hill and waited for Qin Shi Huang to pass by. When the royal carriages came close, Gan Ba hurled the massive hammer at the royal carriage. The massive iron weight shattered it into pieces and killed everyone inside.

Qin Shi Huang, though, wasn’t inside. He was behind it, in an undecorated carriage that looked to be made for a commoner. His guards rushed into action, but Gan Ba tackled them head on, giving up his own life so that Zhang Liang could escape.

6He Travelled through a System of Tunnels to Avoid Going Outside

In his later years, Qin Shi Huang stopped going outside altogether. Unless it was absolutely necessary, he would no longer risk stepping out into the open air. Instead, he had a system of tunnels and underground pathways set up at his castle to make sure he never had to go outside.

He lived in a massive complex that was more than a third of a mile long—in its time, one of the biggest in the world. It held a massive palace surrounded by ten buildings, connected through walkways. These were majestic, heavenly things. One was an elevated walkway that crossed over a river, designed to look like the Milky Way shining in the sky.

In part, he was afraid of assassins, but it was more than that. Death itself was outside waiting for him, Qin Shi Huang believed. He stayed inside of his castles and his tunnels so that he could not be seen by the dark spirits that were searching for him.

5A Meteor Fell to the Earth Prophesising His Death

One year before the emperor died, a meteor fell to the earth. On its own, this could have been seen as an omen, but this was more than just a rock. On the rock that fell from the sky were inscribed the words: “The First August Emperor will die and his land will be divided.”

The Emperor was a superstitious man, but even he did not think the message was really engraved by the gods. He was sure that somebody had carved the rock after it landed, and he wanted to know who. He demanded that the person responsible confess, or everyone would pay.

When no one came forward, he had ever single person who lived near the place where the meteor landed rounded up, thrown in prison, and executed. He even had his men get the meteor itself and destroy it in a fire.

Even then, though, it still bothered him. Reportedly, after giving the order to kill every person there, he called in his musicians and had them play him songs about his immortality.

4He Fought a Sea Monster for Immortality

After the meteor landed, Qin Shi Huang grew impatient. He sailed off to Zhifu Island once more to find Xu Fu, the magician who had promised him an elixir of immortality.

Xu Fu assured him that he had found Penglai Mountain. Now, though, the path was blocked by a great sea monster, and he had no way to get through. This time, though, Qin Shi Huang would not wait around any longer. He would get a team of archers, he told Xu Fu, and kill the sea monster. This time, Xu Fu was not going to be trusted to go alone. The emperor was coming with them.

Qin Shi Huang and his team of archers sailed into the water, where the found a massive fish they believed to be a sea monster—which, today, is believed to have been a whale. The archers opened fire and killed it. When it was done, Qin Shi Huang returned to Zhifu Island and left a message that is still there today: “Came to Fu, saw enormous stone, and shot a fish.”

Xu Fu didn’t have any excuses left. He was to get the elixir from the immortals, Qin Shi Huang ordered, and return immediately, or else he would face the consequences.

Xu Fu assured the emperor he would do it. Then he gathered up his 6,000 virgins, put them in his ships, and sailed off—and never came back. With no way to keep the act up, he fled to Japan and spent the rest of his life in hiding.

3He Poisoned Himself with Mercury

Xu Fu never delivered the elixir of immortality, but Qin Shi Huang did not give up. He had his alchemists make him every medicine they could to keep him healthy and alive, and he drank everything they told him would work—including a bottle full of mercury.

Qin Shi Huang was making a tour around his kingdom when the mercury killed him. He had brought a vial of it with him, which his court doctors had assured him was an “immortal medicine.” Instead, though, it cut his life short, killing him when he was only 49 years old.

Qin Shi Huang was a two-month journey away from home, and his chancellors were afraid about what might happen when the people found out he was dead. His advisor, Li Si, was determined to hide that the emperor had died. For the next few months, he pretended Qin Shi Huang was still alive, sending out orders of his own that he claimed came from the emperor.

Meanwhile, the immortal emperor’s dead body was sent home, flanked by carts full of rotting fish to hide the smell of his decaying remains.

2He Tried to Become The God-Ruler Of Hell

If Qin Shi Huang could not be immortal, he was not going to accept being a peasant in hell. He was determined to become the ruler of the afterlife, and he got ready for it.

Before he even became the emperor, he had started work on his tomb. By the time he died, he had forced 700,000 enslaved laborers to work on it. His tomb was incredible. It had replicas of his palaces and towers, flowing rivers of mercury, and a ceiling full of jewels that recreate the night sky.

And it had the Terracotta Warriors. Qin Shi Huang believed that, when he died, the six states he had defeated would rise up against him in the afterlife. And so he had his army remade out of terracotta to protect him in hell and help him conquer the world of the dead.

Traps were set up to keep anyone from getting in and disturbing the emperor’s resting place. The tomb was buried and seeded with grass and trees to keep anyone from ever finding it. And, to make sure that no one would ever find it, the workers who made it were forced to seal themselves in and die with the emperor inside his tomb.

1He Did Not Choose a Successor

Qin Shi Huang had not planned on dying. He did not even like to think about it—and so he never sat down and wrote a will. He was determined, after all, to live forever, and so he saw no need.

With no will, it was not clear who was to take the throne, and the nation soon erupted into chaos. His eldest son Fusu was the obvious choice, but Qin Shi Huang’s advisor, Li Si, did not trust him. To keep Fusu out, Li Si forged a fake order declaring the second son, Huhai, the new emperor. Then he forged another, ordering Fusu to commit suicide.

The boys obeyed the orders they believed came from their father, and Huhai became the second emperor of China. His reign did not last long. Li Si and his co-conspirators soon turned against each other, and one had Li Si arrested and executed.

Li Si’s death was horrible. His nose, hands, feet, and genitals were chopped off, one-by-one, before he was finally cut in half down the waist. Then every member of his extended family, down to the third generation, was executed. Without Li Si, Huhai was unable to stop his people from rebelling, and he was soon overthrown.

In life, Qin Shi Huang had insisted that his dynasty would rule over China for 10,000 generations—but, after his death, it did not even last three years.

Mark Oliver is a regular contributor to . He writing also appears on a number of other sites, including The Onion’s StarWipe and Cracked.com. His website is regularly updated with everything he writes.

On the one hand, extending life to the point of practical immortality (longevity escape velocity, or LEV) is an absurdly bad idea, the epitome of human hubris, fraught with all manner of social, economic, and philosophical problems—many of which we probably can’t foresee.

On the other hand, if aging is a disease like any other (as epigeneticists tend to think), and our number one killer at that, aren’t we morally obliged to work on a cure—especially if, as researchers claim, a cure most definitely exists? Aubrey de Grey, one of the most public advocates of life extension research, answers the question of why he wants to cure aging with another: “What the hell is wrong with everyone else that stops them from being motivated to cure aging? It’s responsible for the overwhelming majority of global suffering. WTF?”

On yet another hand (who knows, maybe we’ll graft one on next), if you’re enjoying life, why not prolong it indefinitely? It’s not like we’re going to eliminate death entirely and force everyone to live forever; we’re just looking at ways to tackle its primary cause.

In any case, wherever you stand on life extension, there are certain things you can do right now to improve your odds of living long enough to see it happen. And, even if when that day comes you opt out of “living forever,” these top 10 tips for practical immortality can only improve your health in the meantime. For the most part anyway.

10. Take supplements

Although there’s very little evidence in favor of supplementing nutrients for longevity (something de Grey himself points out), life extension zealot Ray Kurzweil takes hundreds of pills every day. If you want to stand a chance of living forever, he insists, you must “be aggressive with your supplementation.”

Stephen Coles, another life extension enthusiast, appears to agree, prescribing a daunting nutrient cocktail of vitamins (B, C, E, etc.), fish oil, soya lecithin, and many, many other supplements.

Obviously the cost of so many pills can rapidly get out of control. It’s also no small feat keeping up with the often contradictory research and adjusting your regimen accordingly, while at the same time accounting for differences in size, weight, gender, health, lifestyle, diet, and so on. Given that individual supplements could end up interfering with, duplicating, or even counteracting the effects of the others, fine-tuning your intake can become a rather tedious full-time job. And it’s probably not worth the hassle.

But if you’re serious about supplementation (because there is in fact reason to be), then the best way to get started is to plan out your own “personal supplement pyramid.” The idea is to start with a reliable foundation of supplements recommended for everyone—multivitamin, CoQ10, essential fatty acids, probiotics, and so on—before customizing your intake from there. First, you’ll add supplements recommended for your own medical profile (e.g. pomegranate extract for a family history of heart disease), and then you’ll top off your pyramid with some of the more faddish or experimental wonder-supplements (or drugs) of the day. These might include protein-refolding supplements, Basis, or metformin. Ned David, co-founder of Unity Biotechnology, is said to look 20 years younger, in part because he uses metformin—a diabetes drug that helped even elderly diabetics live longer than a healthy control group.

9. Watch what you eat…

As with supplements, Aubrey de Grey doesn’t think much of fad diets when it comes to extending longevity. Obviously an unhealthy diet can significantly shorten your lifespan, but slavishly following the Atkins or paleo diet (for instance) might be a waste of your time—unless of course you’re overweight.

That said, you can’t go wrong with a traditionally healthy diet. That means ample fiber (prunes, whole grains, potato skins, etc.), fatty acids (from oily fish or vegetarian supplements), and plenty of vegetables. Antioxidants are especially useful for slowing the production of free radicals that cause havoc to aging cells. Antioxidant foods include walnuts, pomegranates, ginger, and blackberries. Red wine contains the powerful antioxidant resveratrol and evidence suggests drinking it in small quantities could help protect against a variety of age-related disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. Green tea, with its polyphenols, antioxidants, and antibacterial qualities, is also recommended. Meanwhile, you should limit your consumption of saturated/trans fats, meat, dairy, chemical additives, sugar, starches, and heavily processed foods. And you should never eat brains.

Some nutritionists believe we should eat the same as “Blue Zone” residents, i.e. those living in areas with the most centenarians. People in Sardinia (Italy), Okinawa (Japan), Ikaria (Greece), and Loma Linda (California), for instance, have longer lifespans on average, perhaps because of their seafood-rich and otherwise plant-based diets.

It should be noted, however, that such a diet is not really feasible for most of us. Our use of chemical pesticides has rendered many foods (especially apples, peppers, peaches, spinach, and strawberries) actually toxic, and our polluted seas have increased methylmercury levels in fish to potentially dangerous levels.

In short, it’s probably best to follow de Grey’s golden rule for diet and eat whatever doesn’t make you feel ill.

8. …but eat less of it

People in “Blue Zones” also tend to eat less, for example by stopping when they’re “80% full” as opposed to fully stuffed. According to many life extension fanatics, this kind of calorie restriction may be key to extending longevity.

In fact, we’ve actually found that animals tend to live longer when they’re kept hungry—perhaps because a starving body focuses less on reproduction and more on surviving the famine, investing energy and resources into repairing cells and boosting resilience. One monkey put on a 30% calorie restricted diet at the age of 16, for example, turned 43 in 2017 (the equivalent of 130 in human years), breaking the longevity record for his species. Other studies have demonstrated the same effect in smaller animals such as nematode worms and rats.

Calorie restriction is tough, though, even if it’s only temporary. In one study, participants who restricted their calories on only five days per month for just three months of the year had a dropout rate of 25%. For some, calorie restriction just isn’t worth it. It diminishes their quality of life too much, even if it does extend the duration. And it could also be harmful. Many researchers are keen to point out that calorie restriction is really more of a focus for studying aging in the lab than a practical lifestyle recommendation. A drug with the same effect, i.e. of dampening the mTOR signalling pathway to regulate cellular metabolism, would be far preferable.

Still, calorie restriction might be a good idea if you’re currently overweight.

7. Get into shape

De Grey doesn’t live much of a temperate lifestyle himself; he drinks as much as he likes and doesn’t even bother with exercise because he’s “so well optimized” genetically (i.e. with high glucose tolerance, low insulin, and low triglycerides). Nor does he think it’s essential for anyone to lose weight or stop smoking to stand a chance of reaching LEV. You might gain a couple of extra years but this is nothing compared to the long-term goals of de Grey’s SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence) Research Foundation. Within 30 years, he insists, we should be able to reverse any kind of lifestyle damage anyway. And we’ve already seen the first stirrings of the gene therapy era with the “impossible” advent of CRISPR, a revolutionary gene-editing system.

For many, though, especially if another 30 years would be pushing it, adopting a healthy lifestyle now is probably a good idea. For one thing, just like calorie restriction, exercise puts the body under strain and dampens the mTOR signalling pathway. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can also reduce your chance of mortality from any cause by a massive 61%, potentially increasing your lifespan by more than a decade.

But you don’t need to go crazy. The best (and safest) exercise might just be walking. Evidence suggests that it’s just as effective as vigorous exercise for lowering cholesterol and preventing hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. It also lowers blood sugar, improves digestion, eases fatigue, boosts mood, and enhances sleep, all of which are vital for getting into (and staying in) shape.

6. Stay safe

Even if you do live to see age and possibly disease eliminated, you’ll still be at risk of accidental death and murder.

You can actually run your own simulation here to see how long humans would live in a world without age or disease, based on data from the Insurance Information Institute. In one simulation of 500 practical immortals, for instance, the oldest person to die was 54,258 years old and the cause of death was a car accident. Other causes of death, including shooting and drowning, limited the average life expectancy to a paltry 8,938 years.

Setting aside the question of how car safety and other factors will have improved by the 563rd century (around the time that last quadragintiquinquagintimilliquinquagintiducentinarian crashes his car), these statistics can help us frame the dangers that we face every day. After age and disease, car accidents are the most common cause of death by far. You have a 0.011% chance of dying this way every year. The next most common cause of death, in the US at least, is assault by firearm. You have a 0.0035% chance of this.

Obviously the answer is to invest in self-driving cars, or to avoid driving altogether. Tighter gun laws might help too (although armed police apparently pose the real threat, killing more American civilians every year than mass shooters, terrorists, and gangsters put together). Then there are the freak accidents none of us see coming.

Unfortunately, you can’t eliminate risk entirely without severely limiting your quality of life. So you’re better off sticking with the essentials. Keep a first aid kit handy (and know how to use it); learn CPR and the Heimlich maneuver (and make sure those around you do too); and know exactly what to do in a variety of life-threatening situations.

While you wait around for LEV, you should also stay on top of regular medical and dental check-ups, including twice-yearly prophylactic cleaning in the latter case, and all essential vaccinations.

5. Minimize stress and get plenty of sleep

Importantly, don’t freak out about the risks that surround you each day. Avoid all stress in general, including about your age. Frequent bursts of adrenaline can be dangerous and cortisol can actually corrode bodily tissues. Stress also constricts blood vessels, potentially leading to angina.

De-stressing your life doesn’t have to be stressful. Some common tips are to avoid routine emergency deadlines, take time out when you need it, and use public transport instead of driving in big cities.

Getting good quality sleep is also important, so you should never go to bed on an argument or with unfinished business in mind. Sleeping pills are a bad idea because they interfere with the crucial REM phase of sleep. Take naps if you need to, but try to stick to a regular schedule that allows at least seven hours of sleep.

Incidentally, if you snore, you should get it checked out by a doctor. Snoring is often a symptom of sleep apnea and may indicate your blood and brain aren’t getting enough oxygen while you sleep.

4. Get out more

Research suggests that getting out into nature can also help to reduce stress levels. It’s such a powerful remedy, in fact, that even just looking at pictures has been found to produce similar effects. Indeed, spending time outdoors is often more effective than pharmaceuticals for treating a range of unhelpful conditions, including depression and dementia.

Untreated depression in particular can dramatically shorten your life expectancy, and this has little to do with suicide rates. Depressed individuals are at greater risk of heart disease and stroke and tend to have unhealthier lifestyles, being more prone to heavy drinking and smoking. In other words, if you want to “live forever” but you’re depressed, getting un-depressed should be your top priority.

It’s also important to surround yourself with good friends. Studies have consistently shown a correlation between good friendships and better health and well-being, including a lower incidence of disease and depression. According to a 2010 study, loneliness and isolation is as bad for your health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day, and actually worse than being obese. The right friends can also help to promote healthier behaviors in general. Interestingly, relationships with family members do not appear to be quite as beneficial.

3. Have sex daily

Less than a third of Americans aged between 18 and 59 have sex more than twice a week. And this isn’t anywhere near enough. According to a 1997 study, 45 to 59-year-old men having sex less than once a month were twice as likely to die over a 10-year follow-up period as those having sex the most frequently. The optimum, according to L. Stephen Coles, is to have sex with a (willing) sexually healthy partner every single day, and this goes for any age group, so long as it doesn’t risk aggravating existing problems like heart conditions. But there’s apparently no requirement for orgasm. It’s just the intercourse that’s important.

It may also be important, particularly if you’re male, to avoid being single too long. On average, married men tend to live longer than their unmarried counterparts, and this may have something to do with taking fewer risks, as well as benefiting from a wider social circle.

2. Support causes

When Aubrey de Grey was asked what the best thing anyone can do to extend their life is, his answer was simple: “Give SRF [SENS Research Foundation] lots of money.” The next best thing? “Persuade others to.”

As far as he’s concerned, there’s really nothing else to do at this point. Our hopes for practical immortality rest squarely with longevity research. If you want to live forever, it makes sense to give what you can.

So why aren’t more of us investing? De Grey suggests it may have something to do with selfishness. Older investors may believe they stand little chance of personally benefiting from the research and refuse to part with their cash. Younger tycoons tend to be more enthusiastic.

But the odds aren’t actually that slim, even for the oldest billionaires. At 50-odd, de Grey gives himself a roughly 50/50 chance of reaching LEV, which not only means halting aging but actually reverting his body to the biological age of 30 and keeping it there indefinitely. More promisingly, he believes the first person to live to the age of 150 has already been born, and that they’re already over 60. Couple that with Kurzweil’s prediction that we could reach LEV by 2029 and there’s every reason to give money to SENS—just to hurry things up and improve your own chances of living long enough to benefit from the breakthroughs. (Then again, maybe that’s the idea; all religions make bold claims to get us to cough up donations.)

But there are other reasons to support causes in the name of longevity. Having something to believe in obviously gives you something to live for. And of course making the world a better place should be a priority if you’re planning to stay in it. You might therefore want to change your political alignment (and work to change others’) to vote for the most peaceful, science-literate, and non-climate-change-denying politicians. You might also want to campaign for nuclear disarmament, for preserving the oceans, and against Monsanto killing our bees. Ensuring you’ve actually got a world to live in is a no-brainer if you want to live forever.

Again, though, it’s important not to stress out over it. Having a purpose is one thing, and improving the world is fantastic. But go with the flow wherever you can and live and let live for longevity.

1. Have a backup plan

So you’re taking the right supplements, watching what you eat (and eating less of it), you’re in shape, keeping safe, getting plenty of peaceful sleep (after nightly sex), and you’re spending a lot of your time outdoors with friends. You’re even supporting SENS research with some of your (not too stressfully) hard-earned cash. You’re well on your way to reaching LEV and attaining practical immortality.

But everyone needs a backup plan.

Many life extension enthusiasts see cryonics as the next best thing, opting to have their bodies or heads cryogenically frozen in case they die before reaching LEV. This could also be a safeguard, going forward, against accidental death—even as a practical immortal. If you die in a car accident, for example, you could simply be frozen until we figure out a way to resurrect you. There’s no guarantee we ever will, of course, but it’s safer than rotting in the ground.

Some life extensionists also look to the 2045 Initiative, which seeks to eliminate the body entirely by uploading human consciousness to a digital format. Even the Dalai Lama is said to support this so-called “Avatar” project, whereby uploaded consciousnesses will be installed into humanoid robots.

While this might sound totally far-fetched, many just think it’s inevitable. In fact, as the name of the initiative suggests, they think it’s inevitable by 2045.

So it’s 30 years (ish) again. All signs point to this as the golden number. Live another 30 years and you stand a fairly good chance of “living forever”—in one form or another.

Just so long as there’s still a world in which you can do so.