Many people have studied body language to figure out what an individual is saying nonverbally through unconscious gestures or movements. Facial expressions and how someone holds their body are supposed to tell us what a person really means, even if it conflicts with that person’s words.

One area of body language isn’t that difficult to interpret. In fact, the meanings of some hand gestures seem fairly straightforward—like the infamous middle finger. Interestingly, most hand gestures never started with the insulting, neutral, or positive meanings they have today. Many have changed meanings so much that you may be surprised by their origins.

10 Middle Finger

The infamous middle finger is one of the most offensive hand gestures out there. It can mean anything from f—k you to f—k off, go f—k yourself, and shove it up your a—. The sign did not mean any of these when it originated in ancient Greece. The meaning was no better, though. It was used to ridicule a man penetrated during gay sex.

The Greeks called the gesture katapygon. The term spilled over into ancient Latin where it was called digitus impudicus (“shameless, indecent, or offensive finger”). By the 1700s, the gesture meant sexual intercourse or a penis. When used to depict a penis, the fingers on either sides of the upright finger represented the testicles.^[1]

Italian immigrants introduced the gesture to the U.S. in the 1800s. At that time, it took on its modern meaning. The gesture became popular and replaced yelling as a method of showing discontent with a person.

9 Salute

The origin of the salute is somewhat obscure. One theory claims that it first appeared in ancient Rome when soldiers raised their hands to greet other soldiers. This is disputed because there is no evidence that Roman soldiers raised their hands in greeting.

Another theory claims that the gesture originated in medieval Europe when fully dressed knights raised their visors with one hand to show approaching knights that they were friendly. This idea is also disputed. A third undisputed theory claims that British soldiers created the salute.

Before the 18th century, British soldiers removed their hats to greet higher-ranking soldiers. This became an issue in the 1700s when British soldiers started wearing elaborate hats. Junior soldiers started slapping their hats to greet senior soldiers because removing the hats was a chore. The British army later formalized the gesture and turned it into the salute that we know today.

However, unlike the U.S. military that salutes with the palm facing downward, British soldiers salute with the palm facing outward. This is because the U.S. military salute is based on the British Navy salute. The British Navy salutes with the palm downward because sailors often had dirty palms.^[2]

8 Handshake

A handshake is the most common hand gesture out there. Like other frequent hand gestures, its origin is somewhat disputed. Many agree that the handshake started hundreds of years ago when men moved around with weapons.

Men in close contact shook their right hands to prove that they did not have weapons on them. They even moved their hands up and down—just as we do today—to make weapons hidden in their sleeves fall out.

Another likely origin indicates that the gesture may have begun as a sign of sealing an oath or promise. An artifact from the ninth century BC even depicts King Shalmaneser III of Assyria shaking hands with the king of Babylon to seal their alliance.

Whichever is true, the Quakers were the first to use the handshake as a form of greeting. In the 17th century, the Quakers adopted the handshake over concerns that bowing the head or removing a hat did not show equality.^[3]

7 Crossed Fingers

Crossed fingers are used for luck or to indicate a lie or preplanned ploy to renege on a promise. Its origin is disputed, which isn’t surprising as its dual use could indicate two different origins. Some say that the gesture first appeared in pre-Christian Europe.

Europe was a hotbed of superstition at that time. A common superstition was that good spirits lived at the intersections of crosses. If two people made wishes while creating a single cross with their index fingers together, they believed that the good spirits would be inclined to grant their wishes.

Others say that the gesture first appeared after Christianity reached Europe. Christians were persecuted at the time, so they created several secret symbols, such as the cross, for identification. Back then, two people created the cross symbol differently. Each made an “L” sign with the thumb and index finger. Then they would cross their index fingers with their thumbs touching.

Whichever explanation is true, the gesture became common during the 14th century when soldiers fighting the Hundred Years’ War crossed their fingers for luck and protection. Soldiers made the cross with two of their fingers because it was sometimes impossible to create the symbol with another soldier.^[4]

For the lying connotation of crossed fingers, it is believed that early Christians made the cross when they told a lie because it supposedly protected them from the wrath of God. At the time, the punishment for being Christian was death. As a result, Christians often denied their faith so they would not be killed.

6 Sign of the Horns

The sign of the horns is a hand gesture with various meanings and uses in different cultures. It is formed by extending the index and little finger while holding the middle and ring fingers down with the thumb. In Italy, when made with the “horns” pointed downward, the sign is used when confronted with unfortunate events or to ward off bad luck or the “evil eye.” It is called a corna, meaning “horns.” Also, in Italy and other parts of the Mediterranean, it can also be seen as an offensive gesture when directed at a person and swiveled back and forth. Then, it is a sign of cuckoldry.

It is also a sign seen in rock ‘n roll culture. It was first seen on the album cover for a band named Coven and then on a Beatles album cover (Yellow Submarine). It was made famous in the heavy metal scene by Ronnie James Dio. Dio claimed that it was not a sign of the devil, but instead, it was a sign he learned from his Italian grandmother—a symbol to ward off the evil eye. The horns became popular in metal concerts very soon after Black Sabbath’s first tour with Dio. The sign would later be appropriated by heavy metal fans.^[5]

The “sign of the horns” is also associated with gang membership or affiliation with Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13). The significance is both the resemblance of an inverted “devil horns” to the Latin letter ‘M’ and the broader demonic connotation of fierceness and nonconformity.

To anyone in Texas, the hand gesture is most well-known as the Hook ‘em Horns sign for the University of Texas at Austin. The gesture is meant to approximate the shape of the head and horns of the UT mascot, the Texas Longhorn Bevo. Other sports teams also use this gesture, or a slight variation, to represent their various mascots—bulls, bison, and devils.

The symbol was also described in Bram Stoker’s Dracula in 1897.

5 V-Sign

The V-sign could have a different meaning depending on where you are. The palm-facing-outward version common in the U.S. is used to indicate peace or victory. The palm-facing-inward method common in Britain is considered an alternate version of the middle finger.

The origin of either sign is disputed, and whether they are of the same origin remains unclear. Some believe that the gesture first appeared during the Battle of Agincourt between England and France in October 1415.

French soldiers hated the highly effective British archers so much that the French cut two fingers off the hands of captured British archers. The fingers were the most important for using a bow. Other archers realized this and began raising two fingers at French soldiers as an insult.^[6]

Another story indicates that the V-sign originated from the cuckold gesture made with the little and index fingers. The cuckold gesture was usually directed at the husband of an adulterous wife. While derogatory, it was not considered a serious insult.

4 Thumbs Up And Thumbs Down

A thumbs-up is a symbol of approval. A thumbs down shows disapproval. Both gestures originated from the gladiator combats of ancient Rome. They were called pollice verso (“turned thumb”) at the time.

At the end of bloody combat, the referee was sometimes asked whether a defeated and badly injured gladiator should be killed or spared. The referee turned to the spectators, who indicated their choice by giving a thumbs up or thumbs down. A thumbs up meant the loser should be killed. A thumbs down (indicating “swords down”) meant the loser should be spared.^[7]

3 Clenched Fist

The clenched fist is the ultimate symbol of solidarity. It has been used by oppressed, resistance, and political groups to show solidarity, defiance, struggle, triumph, resistance, and power. Most Americans will be surprised to learn that the gesture is actually a communist symbol.

The clenched fist first appeared during the Spanish Civil War between the fascists and the communists. The fascists used an open palm salute as their symbol. Searching for a symbol of their own, the communists settled for the clenched fist.

The communists soon used the symbol to show they weren’t pushovers. Unlike the open palm that depicts a palm, four weak fingers, and a thumb, the clenched fist depicts four weak fingers and a thumb made into a powerful fist. Other communist groups later adopted the symbol, and it soon spilled over into civil rights groups and anti-colonialist opposition.^[8]

2 Shaka Sign

The shaka sign is made with the pinky finger and thumb pointing upward while the other fingers rest on the palm. It is popular in Hawaii where it is often accompanied with the greeting “Shaka, brah!” It means everything from hello to goodbye, thank you, hang loose, right on, no need to rush, and everything is all right.

The origin of the shaka sign is disputed. Two stories attribute its start to a Hawaiian named Hamana Kalili. Although both versions agree that Kalili had lost three fingers on his right hand, one claims that he unwittingly created the gesture when he used his right hand to bless a person.^[9]

The second version states that Kalili started the gesture when he used the hand to ward off children trying to jump on trains. Other sources say that the gesture was first used by a surfer who had three fingers bitten off by a shark.

A fourth explanation states that the sign was used by the first Spaniards who landed in Hawaii. The Spaniards supposedly made the gesture at the natives but raised their thumbs to their lips. This showed that they were friendly and wouldn’t mind sharing a drink with the natives.

1 Vulcan Salute

The Vulcan salute resembles the V-sign except that it is done with four fingers on the same hand. With all fingers on that hand initially together, the middle and ring fingers move away from each other to create the letter V. The Vulcan salute is considered a greeting by fans of the Star Trek series and people who just love sci-fi.

Leonard Nimoy first used the Vulcan salute when he played Mr. Spock in a 1967 episode of Star Trek. Initially, it was a greeting among members of the Vulcan race in the series and meant “live long and prosper.” The gesture was created by Nimoy, who wanted the Vulcans to have a unique greeting.^[10]

Nimoy borrowed the Vulcan salute from a similar Jewish gesture depicting the Hebrew letter shin, the first letter in “Lord.” Jewish priests can use the gesture to bless people during services, which Nimoy had seen when he was younger.

Modern prosthetics are madly amazing. Some technologies allow amputees to feel what they’re touching with artificial fingers, and strides are being made in mind-controlled prosthetics.

However, prosthetics are not a new invention. Hundreds and even thousands of years ago, artisans crafted incredible replacements for people who lost a body part. From an eye made of fat to a murdered pharaoh missing a toe, here are 10 notable prosthetics from the past.

Related: Top 10 Disgusting And Unexpected Medical Treatments

10 The Hand of Prêles

In 2017, treasure hunters in Switzerland searched for valuables near the village of Prêles. While doing so, they disturbed an ancient grave. Among the items they found were a rib bone, a bronze dagger, and an unusual metal hand. When the treasure hunters delivered this cache to the Archaeological Service of the Canton of Bern, the hand was the star attraction.

Slightly smaller than a real hand, the artifact was made of bronze and tin and outfitted with a gold cuff. It weighed almost 18 ounces (17 grams) and had a hollow socket at the bottom. The latter feature suggested a few possible uses for this mysterious hand.

Although none can be definitively proven, the hand could’ve been a prosthetic, a ceremonial object once mounted on a scepter, or part of a statue. The fact that it was buried with the man suggested that it was a prosthetic or simply a status symbol. Whatever it was, at 3,500 years old, the unique artifact is the oldest metal sculpture of a human body part discovered in Europe thus far.^[1]

9 A Special Foot

In 2013, archaeologists were digging next to a medieval church in southern Austria when they found a grave. It contained the remains of a man, aged 35 to 50, who’d been buried sometime between AD 536 and 600. Artifacts inside the grave identified him as a member of the Franks, a group of Germanic tribes.

However, it wasn’t until 2016 that researchers published the most interesting details about the discovery. The man had a prosthetic foot. At 1,500 years old, the left foot is one of the oldest prosthetic limbs ever discovered in Europe. It was crafted from wood and the design also included an iron ring. Signs of wear and tear proved that the foot wasn’t a cosmetic funeral touch. The man once used it as a practical walking aid to get around.

The lower part of his leg and foot was missing, but the healed bone showed that he survived the amputation and lived for at least two more years. This was surprising, as, during that time, most people would quickly succumb to an infection after such a traumatic procedure.^[2]

8 A Four-Fingered Hand

In 2023, pipeline workers In Germany accidentally disturbed an ancient grave near Munich. Once the archaeologists arrived, they determined that the man in the grave died at the age of 30 to 50, sometime between 1450 and 1620.

What made the discovery so exceptional was his hand. The bones of his thumb were present, but the rest of his fingers were gone. In the place of the missing digits, he wore an iron glove with four fingers.

The fake fingers were hollow, stiff, and curved slightly to lend a natural look to the prosthetic. Scraps of materials suggested that leather straps fixed the device to the man’s hand while gauze-like fabric was stuffed inside to protect his skin from chafing against the metal.

It’s unknown how the man lost his hand. However, he lived in a time fraught with military activity, and it’s not hard to imagine that he suffered a devastating injury to his hand during combat, potentially leading to the amputation of his four fingers.^[3]

7 A Luxury Toe

West of Luxor, in Egypt, nestles an ancient chapel. Here, important people close to the royal family were buried. In one of the tombs, archaeologists stumbled upon a priest’s daughter with a remarkable prosthetic—a super realistic big toe. Expert hands had carved the appendage from wood, and quality straps attached it to the mummy’s foot. Aged at around 3,000 years, the toe was quickly declared one of the world’s first prosthetics.

In 2017, the artifact was subjected to a battery of tests using technologies such as computer imaging, x-rays, and modern microscopy. The study revealed that the carver was a gifted artisan and well-trained in human anatomy and that a real attempt was made to provide the woman with a natural-looking foot.

The technical expertise was also obvious in the mobility and comfort provided by the prosthetic. Indeed, the tests revealed that the toe was refitted several times to ensure that she could walk as normally and comfortably as possible.^[4]

6 Precursor to Modern Tooth Bridges

In 2016, archaeologists excavated two tombs in Lucca, Italy. Within the jumbled remains of about 100 people was a set of false teeth. Due to the chaos inside the graves, it couldn’t be matched to a single individual nor accurately dated, but experts estimated the device was around 400 years old.

The unique dental prosthesis consisted of five real teeth, all from different people. Whoever made the artifact didn’t bother with accuracy, as the three incisors and two canines were arranged in the wrong order. That didn’t mean the “dentist” wasn’t innovative. They removed the tips from each tooth’s root, made a lengthwise cut across the roots, aligned the teeth, and linked them with a golden band. Each tooth was also fixed to the band by two tiny golden pins.

Apart from being the first physical evidence of appliances designed to hold loose teeth, as described in the 16th and 17th centuries, it also resembled the Maryland bridge technique. This advanced method was developed in the 1970s. It produced a bridge with small “wings” on both sides that are attached to adjacent teeth for stability.^[5]

5 A Deadly Prosthetic

The Middle Ages was a dangerous time, and one man fit right in, even though he was an amputee. In 1985, archaeologists found his remains in Italy and noticed that his arm had been cut off at the mid-forearm.

It’s not known how the man lost his arm. However, since his people, a Germanic group called the Longobards, were rather combative, he could’ve lost his arm on the battlefield or required amputation due to a conflict-related injury.

Here’s where things get unusual. The man, who died aged 40 to 50, replaced his hand with an iron knife. While it gave him a pirate-esque look, researchers believe that this peculiar choice wasn’t just for self-defense but also to help him with daily tasks.

The weaponized hand was attached to his arm with straps, which he held and tightened with his teeth during the fastening process (the teeth on the right side of his mouth showed extreme wear, which supported this theory).^[6]

4 A Golden Mouth Plate

Today, children born with cleft palates can correct the condition with surgery. But 300 years ago, there was no such medical intervention. An afflicted person would likely struggle for the rest of their life with speech, swallowing, and breathing. But one man who lived during the 18th century in Poland had it lucky. Someone made him a prosthetic plate to help him live a more normal existence.

Ancient solutions for cleft palates are not unknown, but experts have never seen anything like this artifact. The exceptional prosthesis was forged of copper, gold, and silver. Wool and felt-like materials were also used to make the plate more comfortable and better fitting.

The man’s remains and his device were discovered in 2024, and a close examination showed that the individual was born without a hard palate. This was a serious defect, but the well-crafted plate allowed him to live more comfortably with the condition until he died at around age 50.^[7]

3 A Postmortem Prosthesis

Ancient Egypt is known for many great things, including the pyramids, hieroglyphics, art, and their iconic gods. But when it came to who should rule Egypt, civility often vanished in favor of murder plots. One such assassination occurred in 1155 BC. According to papyrus documents, the drama happened because Queen Tiye wanted to remove Pharaoh Ramesses III and put her son on the throne.

When the mummified body of Ramesses III was examined in 2012, researchers realized that he was indeed murdered by several attackers. One assassin approached the pharaoh from behind and used a blade to cut his trachea and esophagus. Another attacked from the front with an ax or sword. This individual hacked off Ramesses’s big toe.

To replace the missing digit, the embalmers fashioned a “toe” out of linen and placed it on his foot. This just goes to show that not all ancient prostheses were for the living, or grand, for that matter. Not even if you were a king.^[8]

2 The World’s Oldest Prosthetic Eye

In 2006, Iranian archaeologists made a historical find near the city of Zabol. The team was excavating the Burnt City, a human settlement thousands of years old, when they happened upon the 5,000-year-old skeleton of a woman.

She was roughly 6 feet (1.8 meters) tall, an unusual height for women of the time. But more intriguing was one of her eyes. The left eye socket contained an artificial eye made of animal fat and natural tar. The artist went to great lengths to make the globe realistic, even recreating tiny blood vessels by using thin golden wires. The artifact was also wrapped in a layer of gold and engraved with a circle to represent the iris.

The prosthetic eye—said to be the world’s oldest—wasn’t a cosmetic touch added after her death. The young woman wore it often during her lifetime of 25 to 30 years. Evidence supporting this included two holes on either side of the eye that likely kept the eye in place during use and the presence of eyelid tissue on the prosthetic’s surface.^[9]

1 A Non-Amputee with A Prosthetic Leg

When thinking about an artificial leg, the first thing that comes to mind isn’t that the person using it still has both legs. Such was the case of a man who lived 2,200 years ago near Turpan, China.

In 2016, an ancient tomb revealed a man with a deformed leg. The knee and leg bones were fused in such a way that it prevented him from straightening his left leg, keeping it fixed at an 80-degree angle. To help the man walk, a prosthetic leg was placed under and against the knee and fastened to the thigh with straps. Unusually, at the bottom of the wooden leg was a real horse hoof, which acted like a foot.

It’s unclear why the man’s knee fused at such an odd angle. Among several possible causes of bone fusion is inflammation. Evidence suggested that the man suffered from tuberculosis in the past. This infection might have caused sufficient inflammation to encourage abnormal bone growth, which eventually fused his knee.^[10]