Humans love shiny rocks. This magpie tendency to collect pretty stones is found in most cultures and throughout history. For the shiniest and rarest rocks people will spend fortunes. The Pink Star diamond sold for $71 million in 2017. But the value of gems is not just in their monetary worth – many people have given them legendary powers.

Here are ten tales of gemstones and the myths around them.

Top 10 Rarest Gems

10 Emeralds

Emeralds have long been sought after by humans. Pliny the Elder tells a story that shows the complex psychology of gemstones. Ismenias the flute-player was overly fond of glittering gems and send away for an emerald ring – but the ring-maker returned some of the gold he paid for it. The flute-player was displeased. “By Hercules! he has done me but a bad turn in this, for the merit of the stone has been greatly impaired by this reduction in price.”

Even emperors could fall under the sway of emeralds however. Nero is said to have used an emerald as a lens through which he viewed gladiators battling to the death. It may be that Nero was short-sighted and emerald was carved to work like a monocle. It may be however that his eyes were simply tired as the Romans believed that emeralds had the power to soothe the eyes.

The Inca are said to have worshipped a large emerald as part of their faith in the goddess Umina. The emerald was supposed to have been Umina’s heart and sick people who touched it were immediately healed. Smaller emeralds were offered to her at the shrine. When the Spanish arrived many of the emeralds were smashed because the invaders thought real emeralds would withstand being hit with a hammer.

9 Rubies

Rubies have always fascinated people because of their rich, blood red colour. There is not just a symbolic link between the colour of these gems and blood – some cultures thought of them literally as blood. The ancient Rigveda of India describes how a horrible demon called Vala took the throne.

Vala was tricked into taking part in a mock sacrifice by the demigods. When he was in place the demigods really did chop up his body and scatter the pieces across the world. Where his blood settled rubies began to spring up. Another Hindu text says that rubies are a fitting offering to the gods. “He who worships Krishna with rubies will be reborn as a powerful emperor. If with a small ruby, he will be born a king.”

Oddly the Ancient Greeks and Romans thought of rubies as gendered. “In each variety of Ruby there are so called “male” and “female” stones, of which the former are the more brilliant, while the latter have a weaker lustre”.

8 Amethyst

Amethyst is today only a semiprecious stone but in history it was considered one of the most valuable because of its intense purple colour and rarity in Europe. Purple was the colour of Emperors and so it had an aristocratic appeal. It was also said to be magically powerful. Pliny the Elder says that certain dubious sorcerers “tell us also, that if we inscribe the names of the sun and moon upon this stone, and then wear it suspended from the neck, with some hair of the cynocephalus and feathers of the swallow, it will act as a preservative against all noxious spells. It is said too, that worn in any manner, this stone will ensure access to the presence of kings; and that it will avert hail and the attacks of locusts.”

The most common tale told of amethyst is that wearing it can prevent drunkenness. Bishops in the Anglican church are said to wear amethyst rings in commemoration of an event in Acts where St Peter tells a crowd that “These people [the apostles] are not drunk, as you suppose. It’s only nine in the morning!”

The word Amethyst derives from the Greek “amethustos” — “not intoxicated.” Therefore it is perhaps appropriate that the god of wine Dionysus was presented with an amethyst to help preserve his sanity.

7 Pearls

Pearls are used as gemstones but are not actually stones themselves. Several species of molluscs produce pearls – often as a way to trap and protect themselves from parasites. For their beautiful lustre they have always been prized. The Roman historian Suetonius tells us that one of the reasons Julius Caesar invaded Britain was to get access to the pearls in its rivers. Most pearls at the time were sourced from far away in the Indian ocean. Their distant origins allowed many myths to spring up around their origin.

One of the most common beliefs was that pearls were the tears of a god or goddess. For the Greeks they were produced when Aphrodite shed tears of joy. In Japanese mythology it was mermaids that produced them by crying.

Another Japanese myth has pearls being used to defeat a Korean navy. The Empress Jingo of Japan is said to have prayed with sea water in her hands and been provided with the ‘tide jewels’ from the dragon palace at the bottom of the ocean. One was the “pearl of ebb” and another was the “pearl of flood.” When the pearl of ebb was thrown back into the sea the ocean dried up. With the Korean and Japanese navies on the ocean floor the Koreans left their ships to attack the Japanese. It was then that the pearl of flood was thrown down and the waters rushed back in – drowning all the Korean warriors.

6 Amber

Amber is the fossilised remains of tree resin. It is mostly found with a golden yellow colour but can appear black, green, red, or white. In the ancient world it was mostly found washed up on the shores of the Baltic Sea but was widely traded across Europe and beyond.

To the Greeks and Romans amber was another gem that originated in tears. When Phaeton accidentally drove the chariot of the sun too close to the Earth he risked burning all of humanity and so was cast down to his death in the Eridanus river. When his sisters found his body they wept so fiercely they wasted away and turned to trees on the spot. Their tears kept falling even as trees and turned to amber. This suggests that the ancients were well aware of the connection between tree resin and amber.

According to Lithuanian legend the goddess Jurate lived in an amber palace under the sea. She fell in love with a sailor and the two lived together happily for many years. But when the thunder god found out about their relationship and sent a storm. The palace exploded into millions of pieces. This is why fragments of amber are still washed ashore after a storm.

5 Garnet

Garnets were hugely popular in the Middle Ages. In Britain the Anglo-Saxons used intricately cut garnets housed in gold to decorate their jewellery, armour, and weapons. Legends about garnet go back much further however. Some said that Noah, when out on the ocean in his ark, used a lamp made from garnet to light his way.

The name garnet comes from the Latin “granatus” meaning “seed.” This is probably because garnets are usually found as small nuggets of crystal. When they are deep red in colour they look almost exactly like pomegranate seeds. Because the goddess Persephone was trapped in Hades after consuming pomegranate seeds the gift of garnets was once considered a sure way to make a loved one return to you.

It is said that if you do a good deed while wearing garnets then you will receive good in return. But if you do something evil while wearing one then you will have the evil rebound back on you.

4 Sapphire

Deep blue sapphires are one of the most beautiful of all gems and have fascinated people for millennia. According to some accounts the Ten Commandments that were received by Moses were presented to him carved into two blocks of sapphire. Some saw sapphires as the reason the sky is blue. Ancient Persians thought the dome of heaven rested on sapphire and reflect the colour back down to us.

Sapphires were supposed to have many magical properties. Some said that sapphires could heal by wearing them while others thought they had to be consumed. Powdered sapphire eaten with milk would cure sores. Placing a sapphire on the forehead was thought to stop nosebleeds.

Because of the structure of sapphire crystals they sometimes show a radiant star when polished. These star sapphires were once thought to be particularly mystical. The gems could ward off the ‘evil eye’ and stop people harming you through jealousy.

3 Lapis Lazuli

Many ancient accounts of sapphire might actually be a misidentification of another lovely blue stone – lapis lazuli. Once mined only in the high mountains of Afghanistan lapis lazuli was one of the most sought after stones throughout Mesopotamia and Egypt. Evidence of its mining can be found from the 7th millennium BC.

The ancient Sumerians treasured lapis lazuli and thought it was a material worthy of the gods. The goddess Innana is described in ancient texts as wearing jewellery of lapis and carrying a lapis rod. When she went around the underworld she would use her rod to measure out the length of a person’s life. The Babylonians also spoke of a tree that sprouted with lapis lazuli. The Epic of Gilgamesh is thoroughly adorned with lapis lazuli. The terrible Bull of Heaven had horns covered with it and Innana tried to tempt Gilgamesh with a gold and lapis chariot.

The Egyptians used lapis lazuli heavily in their religious practices. The funerary mask of Tutankhamun is covered in lapis. In the Egyptian Book of the Dead we find that the dead body is turned to lapis. “Lord your upper part is lapis lazuli. Your hair is bestrewn with lapis lazuli. Your visage is covered with gold inlaid with lapis lazuli. Your eyebrows are inlaid with lapis lazuli.”

2 Opal

Opal is a delicate gem but one that has always fetched a high price. Pliny the Elder tells us of one rich man who had to flee with almost no property but still managed to escape with a fortune thanks to his opal. “Nonius took to flight, carrying with him, out of all his wealth, nothing but this ring, the value of which, it is well known, was estimated at two millions of sesterces.” Before the discovery of large amounts of opal in Australia opals were exceedingly rare in Europe.

The superstitions associated with opal are as varied as the many colours they shine with. Some thought that the opal was protective and would turn pale if there was poison nearby. Opals were thought to be tied to their own and would lose their brilliance when the owner died. Others thought that they were evil gems.

Opals were said to give people the gift of invisibility. Perhaps for this reason one Christian bishop said the opal is “the guardian of the thievish race; It gifts the bearer with acutest sight; But clouds all other eyes with thickest night.”

1 Diamond

No gem is more highly desired than the diamond. Its crystal structure reflects and refracts light into gorgeous patterns. Diamonds were also the hardest material, giving them a divine status. In Hinduism the god Indra uses a weapon called Vajrayudham that is made of diamond. All diamonds were once mined in India, until deposits were discovered in Brazil in the 18th century.

Many legends sprung up around diamonds. In Europe many large diamonds were said to have been stolen from Indian statues of the gods. Some thought that the massive blue diamond now known as the Hope Diamond was plundered from the forehead of an Indian statue. It is perhaps because of this sacrilege that the Hope was said to be cursed. The first owner, and maybe thief, is supposed to have been torn apart by dogs after he stole it. Later owners suffered similarly gruesome fates – at least according to legend.

Given the value placed on diamonds there was almost no lengths that people would not go to in order to get their hands on them. In a late legend about Alexander the Great he came up with a novel method of stealing diamonds from the Valley of the Jewels. Because the diamonds were guarded by poisonous snakes Alexander threw bits of meat into the valley. The diamonds stuck to the meat and then birds swooped down to snatch the meat. When they carried the diamond encrusted meat out of the valley the birds were scared off and so the diamonds were gathered up.

Top 10 Reasons Diamonds Are Not As Great As You Think They Are

There are more than 4,000 minerals that naturally occur on Earth. Many of these are almost impossible for most people to distinguish. A rock is a rock to most people. But some stones stand out. Humans love sparkly things, and luckily, some minerals and gemstones can be both pretty and rare—two things humans prize.

This means that some gemstones can be quite pricey if you want to get your hands on them. Here are some of the rarest and most expensive rocks you can spend your money on.

Related: 10 Most Expensive And Delectable Desserts

10 Musgravite

Musgravite is one of the rarest of all the minerals that can be turned into gemstones. It was first discovered in the Musgrave Range of mountains in Australia in 1967. In its raw state, it looks like a shiny grey mineral but not really one worth setting into jewelry. Since its discovery, the mineral has been found in some hard-to-reach places like Antarctica and Greenland, and it would have remained a mere mineralogical curiosity were it not for a find in Tasmania.

There, a few crystals of Musgravite that could be cut and polished were dug up. Most of the gemstone-quality Musgravite gems that have appeared on the market appear either a greyish olive green or slightly violet color. However, one has been discovered that contained small tube-shaped inclusions that reflect color with a vivid iridescence.

How much will this drab stone set you back? Prices for the best quality Musgravites can reach $35,000 per carat.^[1]

9 Alexandrite

It is always nice to have something named after you, so the Russian crown prince Alexander must have been happy to have this mineral named after him in 1830. Alexandrite was found in the Ural Mountains, and almost immediately, something strange was noticed about it. When looked at in daylight, the stone is a vibrant green, but by candlelight, it is a deep red. This led to it being described as “emerald by day, ruby by night.” Because red and green were the colors of the Imperial Russian flag, this effect gave the stone immense popularity in Tsarist Russia.

The color change occurs because of both the way the crystal absorbs light and because of how the human eye detects red and green light. For this startling and unusual property, the price of Alexandrite was, and remains, high. For a stone that displays two clear and distinct colors, you might have to pay $70,000 per carat.^[2]

8 Benitoite

In 1907, a prospector named James M. Couch thought he had struck gold, or at least sapphire when he pulled rich blue gemstones out of the ground in the San Benito mountains of California. When he sent samples of the stones to a mineralogist, however, it was discovered that what Couch had found was a never-before-seen mineral. It was named Benitoite.

The stone was soon being mined through what was described as a “glory hole.” Because Benitoite is a fairly soft mineral, many of the gemstones were damaged by the miners as they extracted them. The rarity of Benitoite is due to the specific conditions that must exist for it to form. It only grows under high-pressure and low-temperature zones where tectonic plates meet. Benitoite is now the official gemstone of California.

A good one carat gem of Benitoite might cost $8000, but prices soon rise for larger stones because so few big stones are found.^[3]

7 Grandidierite

Grandidierite is one of the rare minerals that displays what is known as pleochroism—it appears in different colors depending on the direction you look at it. It can reveal dark green, colorless, and dark blue hues just by turning it. This occurs because of how the atoms in the crystal lattice are arranged in three dimensions. Grandidierite was discovered in Madagascar in 1902 and has since been found in a number of other places, but few gemstones turn up on the open market.

Most Gradidierite that is dug up is opaque and misty, but a few clear examples have been extracted near the site of the original discovery. It is only since 2015 that the gemstone Gradidierite has appeared on the open market in any quantity. Only 300 carats of clear Gradidierite have been produced.

The very first gemstone-quality Grandidierite was sold in 2003 and cost $50,000, though it weighed only 0.29 carats.^[4]

6 Serendibite

Serendibite was discovered in 1902 in Sri Lanka and is named for the old Arabic name of that country. At first, Serendibite looks like a poor candidate for becoming a gemstone. Some can appear a shiny black color, but others have a rough and greyish exterior. Until 2005, only three faceted Serendibite gems were known to exist. They fetched around $14,000 per carat when sold.

In 2005, a new source of Serendibite gems was discovered in Myanmar, so the price of these stones has dropped recently. But there remains a strong desire for collectors because of the range of colors these gems can have due to their complex chemical structure.

Some Serendibites are a dense black but others have been found that are dark blue, greyish, pale green, or brown.^[5]

5 Poudretteite

Many mineralogists would cry tears of joy if they discovered only the tiniest fragment of a never-before-identified mineral. That must have been the reaction when tiny crystals of Poudretteite were revealed to be new to science in 1986. But there was no hope that these beautiful pink crystals would ever be turned into gems, given their minuscule size. Then, in 2000, a remarkable stone was found.

It was not a rough crystal pulled from the Earth but an already cut and polished gem. Found in a market in Burma, the gem weighed nearly 9.5 carats. No Poudretteite this large had ever been discovered before, let alone turned into a finished gemstone. This large stone was almost flawless with a pale pink hue.

Since this discovery, several more gems of Poudretteite have been found in the same location. Some are a very attractive deep pink or purple. However, you might have to pay $5,000 per carat for one. The first large Poudretteite now sits in the Smithsonian.^[6]

4 Jadeite

The stone that is commonly called Jade is actually two minerals that look very similar. One, nephrite, has been used since prehistory to make jewelry and even tools. The other, Jadeite, is much rarer and harder. Jadeite was known in China as Imperial Jade. For the societies of Meso-America, Jadeite was more valuable than gold.

Not only is Jadeite tough, but it is also carvable into intricate forms that have made it a favorite material for artists—if their employers could afford it. Jadeite can appear in colors ranging from purple to white to blue and to a whole variety of greens from opaque to translucent. It is the green Jadeite that was most highly prized in China.

In 2014, a necklace made from 27 vivid, emerald-green jadeite beads was sold at auction for $27.4 million.^[7]

3 Diaspore

Discovering a new type of gem happens more by accident than by skill. In the 1970s, workers at a bauxite mine in Turkey found that they were digging up annoying impurities. Bauxite is the useful ore that aluminum is purified from, so the miners who found crystals mixed in with it would pick them out so that the bauxite would remain pure. Little did they know that they were handling expensive and rare gemstones.

Diaspore had been discovered in 1801, but no examples that could be faceted had ever been found. With the deposit in Turkey producing so much, however, it was possible to market diaspore and supply the jewelry market. Selling under the trade names Ottomanite, Zultanite, and Csarite, gems of green, orange, and red can be found throughout the world.^[8]

2 Taaffeite

Spinels have been prized in jewelry for hundreds of years. Because some are intensely red, they have sometimes been mistaken for rubies in the past. The Black Prince’s Ruby that sits in the British crown jewels today is actually a spinel. So it was something of a surprise to find that a new mineral had been masquerading as a spinel itself.

In 1945, Count Edward Charles Richard Taaffe bought some gemstones, including one that was said to be a spinel. He discovered it was an entirely new mineral, so it was named in his honor. This remains the only time a mineral has been identified from an already cut stone.

Since its discovery, the amount of Taaffeite on the market has remained very limited. Some stones that are flawed or pale in color can be bought for around $1,000 per carat. But if the gem is richly colored and clear, they can reach up to $15,000 per carat.^[9]

1 Melo Melo Pearls

Not all gems are the product of millions of years beneath the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have sought out and gathered pearls. In the ancient world, pearls could be just as valuable as other gems. Today, thanks to the ability to cultivate pearls in oysters, a string of pearls is within the budgetary reach of most people—but only if they are ordinary pearls.

Not all pearls come from oysters. Some marine snails also form pearls as a method of protecting themselves from irritants. The Melo melo is a very large sea snail native to south-east Asia. When something gets caught inside the shell of the Melo, it secretes layers of calcite and aragonite over it, which looks quite different from the nacre found on more common pearls. Over the years, this can form a large pearl. And if you find one, it can be worth a fortune.

While most ordinary pearls are tiny, the pearls of the Melo melo can be centimeters across. These pearls are harder than other pearls and can have a range of colors. The most sought-after pearls are a creamy orange with flamelike patterns across their surface. Because of the rarity of the melo melo pearl, the chance that any individual snail will make a pearl is scarce, as it can take decades for one pearl to be formed. Because of this and their beauty, these pearls can fetch up to $700,000 at auction.^[10]