Psychologists and psychiatrists have long been fascinated with the penis. As a result, they have come up with all sorts of (wrong) theories about it that come off amusingly ridiculous when examined today.

SEE ALSO: Top 10 Most Famous Penises

One scientist who was very interested in the penis was Sigmund Freud. However, Freud’s theories were so nuts that he would be considered a misogynist if he was alive today. He often belittled women and female sexuality, which ended up pitting him against female psychologists, who sometimes proposed weirder theories in return.

10 Penis Envy

During the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud discussed what he called penis envy. Freud said that penis envy is a syndrome that exclusively affects women. As you probably guessed, it’s all about women becoming jealous of men’s penises and wishing they had penises of their own.

Freud claimed that penis envy first appears during childhood, right at the moment girls realize they don’t have penises. At the same time, they also notice that boys derive more pleasure from their penises than they do from their vaginas. So they get jealous of the boys and wish they had their own penises.

However, the girls understand that they will never own penises. So they forge closer ties with their fathers and prefer to birth sons to make up for their lack of penises. The theory was very controversial at the time and led to several other weird theories we will mention below. Modern psychologists say penis envy does not exist.^[1]

9 Womb Envy

Sigmund Freud’s theory of penis envy drew the ire of several female psychologists of the day. One was Karen Horney, who responded by proposing the theory of womb envy, which she considered the opposite of penis envy.

Horney argued that women do not suffer from penis envy because they are never jealous of the man’s penis. Instead, it is the men who suffer from womb envy and are jealous of the woman’s uterus. Horney claimed that males develop womb envy the moment they realize a womb is needed to produce children. So they become jealous because they need to depend on women to have babies.

Interestingly, Horney still ascribed to Freudian schools of thought and agreed with a number of Freud’s other theories. However, it seemed Freud took his penis envy too far. Horney opposed several of Freud’s theories on female sexuality. She believed men and women have different roles in society, which Freud did not seem to believe.^[2]

8 Masculine Protest

The concept of masculine protest was explained by psychiatrist Alfred Adler in his book, Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind. Adler wrote that women often feel inferior when they perform feminine tasks like cooking and taking care of the home.

Adler added that women believe that so-called “feminine roles” prove they are the weaker sex and second fiddle to men. So the women protest against their de facto roles by performing manly ones. This takeover of masculine roles is what Alder considered the masculine protest. Adler claimed women do this to feel more dominant and powerful.

The roles vary but could include taking on dangerous jobs like joining the military or becoming a firefighter. Or they could learn martial arts. The masculine protest also supposedly makes women prefer their sons to their daughters.^[3]

7 The Conceptual Penis As A Social Construct

On May 19, 2017, the journal Cogent Social Sciences published a gender studies essay titled “The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct.” The essay, written by researchers Jamie Lindsay and Peter Boyle, was filled with meaningless gibberish. For instance, the authors claimed that the human penis was not a reproductive organ but a “damaging social construction,” one that is “isomorphic to performative toxic masculinity.” The essay got weirder as the authors tried to link the penis with climate change.

The authors later revealed the essay to be a hoax. Even their names were fake. They were actually Peter Boghossian and James A. Lindsay. The men claimed they deliberately wrote the essay to be humorous and meaningless. In fact, they read it several times over to ensure that it made no sense.

Lindsay and Boghossian said they wrote the essay to prove that writings on gender studies are often biased. However, the men also unwittingly proved that paid-to-publish journals like Cogent Social Sciences will publish anything for money. The journal tried to save face by retracting the essay after the men revealed the hoax.^[4]

6 Castration Anxiety

Castration anxiety is another syndrome proposed by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that boys suffer castration anxiety the moment they realize girls do not have penises. The boys are startled by the discovery and somehow deduce that the girls lost their penises as punishment for some misbehavior.^[5]

This causes boys to fear that their own penises could also be cut off as punishment. Freud called this castration anxiety and claimed that it often occurs during the phallic stage, one of the five stages of psychosexual development proposed by Freud.

The five stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, in that order. A part of the body is considered the most important (and therefore the highest priority to satisfy the needs of) during each stage of development except during the latency stage, when sex becomes secondary. For the other four, they are the mouth for the oral stage, the anus for the anal stage, and the genitals for the phallic and genital stages.

Freud believed castration anxiety was usually a result of the Oedipus and Electra complexes, which we will address in the next two entries.

5 Oedipus Complex

Freud claimed the Oedipus complex manifests during the phallic stage—just like castration anxiety. However, the Oedipus complex comes first and leads to castration anxiety. Freud claimed that boys develop their first sexual feelings during the phallic stage. Curiously, they (unconsciously) direct those feelings toward their mothers. This was what Freud called the Oedipus complex: the sexual feelings a child directs to his mother.

Fortunately for human evolution, the boys quickly realize that their fathers have already taken their mothers. So they start to consider their fathers as competitors for their mother’s love. Then the boys figure out that women do not have penises. As we mentioned in the previous entry, the boys assume that women lost their penises after they were cut off as punishment.

The boys fear their fathers could cut off their penises, too, if the father should learn of the son’s feelings for the mother. So they suppress the sexual feelings they have for their mothers and ally with their fathers to save their penises. This marks the end of the phallic stage and the beginning of the latency stage, when the child has no sexual feelings.^[6]

4 Electra Complex

Freud developed the theory of what he called the “negative Oedipus complex” or “feminine Oedipus attitude” at the same time he came up with the Oedipus complex. The negative Oedipus complex is the opposite and feminine version of the male Oedipus complex. Like the Oedipus complex, it supposedly occurs in the phallic stage.

Freud claimed girls are often closer to their mothers than their fathers at birth. However, that changes when they reach the phallic stage. Like boys, girls notice their lack of penises during the phallic stage. For some reason, they, too, believe that they used to have penises but lost them after they were castrated.

Instead of developing castration anxiety like boys, the girls develop the Electra complex. This causes them to dislike their mother, who they blame for their castration. At the same time, they forge closer ties with their father over his possession of a penis. However, the girl reignites her relationship with her mother as she enters the latency stage.

As mentioned, Freud called this syndrome the negative Oedipus complex or the feminine Oedipus attitude. That changed in 1913, when Carl Jung, a one-time associate of Freud, renamed it the Electra complex. Freud rejected the name.^[7]

3 Medusa’s Head

The fabled Medusa is a major character in Greek mythology. She is depicted as a woman with poisonous snakes on her head. Any human unfortunate enough to stare at her face immediately turns into stone. So what has Medusa got to do with penises? A lot, obviously.

At this point, you’ve probably noticed that Sigmund Freud had a thing for penises. Well, he also managed to connect his theory of castration anxiety with the myth of Medusa. Freud wrote about the link between castration anxiety and Medusa’s head in 1922. However, the writing was only published in 1940, after his death.

Freud believed the feelings boys experience upon seeing that girls have no penises are similar to the feelings experienced by people staring at Medusa’s face.^[8] He added that Medusa and castration anxiety were comparable because they involved the forces of attraction and repulsion at the same time.

The boy experiencing castration anxiety becomes curious about girls when he discovers they do not have penises. At the same time, their apparently missing penises are a source of fear. Likewise, a man becomes scared when he sees Medusa with snakes on her head. At the same time, he feels a sexual desire for Medusa.

2 Big Shoes Equal Big Penises

Some people believe you can tell the size of a man’s penis by looking at his shoes. Larger shoes (and therefore feet) indicate larger penises and vice versa. Several studies have proven that this is false. Penis size has no correlation with shoe size.

A 1999 study of several hundred Korean men indicated there is no correlation between shoe and penis sizes. The researchers measured several body parts, including the mouths, hands, and feet, of 655 men to determine if there was any association between the sizes of their penises and said body parts. The researchers found no correlation. However, they observed that there was some relationship between the length and circumference of the penis.

The result of this study is backed by the results of several others, including one that involved 104 men. All showed that shoe size cannot be used to determine the size of the penis. Interestingly, a 1993 study of 63 Canadian men indicated that men with larger feet could be slightly more likely to have longer penises. However, that study is considered inconclusive.^[9]

1 Phallic Monism

Phallic monism refers to the idea that psychosexual development is defined by the possession (or lack thereof) of a penis. Having a penis is the norm, and lacking one is a deviation from that norm.

Remember the five stages of psychosexual development we mentioned earlier? Freud initially proposed four stages. They were the oral, anal, latency, and genital stages. However, he later revised it to include the phallic stage in between the anal and latency stages.

We already mentioned that children generally realize the differences in each others’ genitals during the phallic stage. This is the major difference between the phallic and genital stages. While both involve the sexual organs as the peak source of pleasure and could erroneously be considered the same, the phallic stage involves dealing with the possession or lack of a penis. The genital stage focuses on sexual relations.

Nevertheless, phallic monism was controversial among female psychologists, who offered heavy criticism and pro-female theories in return. Some wrote that males’ desire to have sex with females gives the latter the upper hand despite their lack of penises and supposed suffering from penis envy.^[10]

Like urban legends, health myths have a peculiar knack for sticking around. Whether it’s an old wives’ tale or misinterpreted advice, these myths often persist despite contrary evidence. In this article, we’ll embark on a myth-busting journey, debunking ten of the most persistent health myths. So, let’s roll up our sleeves and dive into the world of health misconceptions.

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10 The Myth: “You Can’t ‘Sweat Out’ Toxins During Exercise”

The age-old belief is that a good workout can magically release toxins like a sweaty sponge. I hate to burst your detox bubble, but you can’t sweat out all those weekend indulgences. While sweating does help cool your body and shed a few pounds of water weight, it’s not a detox superhero.

Here’s the science: Sweat mainly consists of water, salt, and other minerals. Toxins? Not so much. Your liver and kidneys are the true MVPs for detoxification, breaking down and eliminating waste from your body.

So, while that hot yoga class might leave you feeling Zen, it’s not purging your system of toxins. If only life were that simple! Hydrating, eating well, and supporting your body’s natural detox processes with a balanced lifestyle are the real keys to a toxin-free existence.

Next time someone insists that a brutal spin class is a spa day for your insides, just smile and remember: your liver is the real star of the detox show. Cheers to keeping it real and letting the sweat do what it does best—cool you down and make you feel like a fitness champ!

9 The Myth: “Eating Carbs at Night Makes You Gain Weight”

Forget the midnight snack guilt trip! The notion that eating carbs at night is a one-way ticket to packing on pounds is nothing more than a myth waiting to be debunked. So, dim the lights, grab your favorite comfort food, and let’s unravel this bedtime story.

Contrary to popular belief, your body doesn’t turn into a carb-hoarding gremlin after sunset. The key to weight management isn’t the clock but total caloric intake throughout the day. Your body doesn’t have a built-in sundial, signaling fat storage after 6 pm.

In fact, consuming carbs at night might actually be a smart move. Carbohydrates promote the release of serotonin, the “feel-good” neurotransmitter that could double as your sleep fairy godmother. A happy tummy equals a happy snooze. Sweet dreams, carb enthusiasts!

8 The Myth: “Cracking Your Knuckles Causes Arthritis”

Oh, the sweet symphony of knuckle cracking—the urban legend that suggests it’s a one-way ticket to arthritis. Well, fear not, fellow knuckle enthusiasts, because this myth is as cracked as the joints themselves!

Contrary to popular belief, no scientific evidence links the delightful pop-pop-pop of knuckle cracking to the development of arthritis. In fact, studies have shown that the habit is more like a harmless percussion ensemble than a sinister precursor to joint doom.

When you crack your knuckles, you’re releasing gas bubbles that build up in the synovial fluid—a lubricant that helps your joints move smoothly. It’s like giving your fingers a tiny round of applause for a job well done, not a secret handshake with arthritis.

7 The Myth: “Eight Glasses of Water a Day for Everyone”

We’ve all heard the advice of guzzling down eight glasses of water a day. Some of us might even be carrying around a water jug the size of a small swimming pool to meet the quota. But let’s splash some truth on this hydration myth.

Firstly, our hydration needs are as unique as our taste in Netflix shows. The one-size-fits-all eight-glass rule is as accurate as predicting the weather with a crystal ball. Our bodies are smart—they tell us when they’re thirsty, and it’s not always a strict eight-glass memo.

Moreover, did our ancestors carry water bottles around as they roamed the savannah? Probably not. The idea that our bodies need a daily water chugathon has about as much scientific support as a conspiracy theory from a distant uncle.

So sip skeptically, my friends. Hydration is essential, but there’s no need to drown yourself in water like you’re auditioning for a mermaid role. Pay attention to your body’s signals, and remember, it’s okay to enjoy a cup of coffee or tea—they count toward your fluid intake, too!

6 The Myth: “Being Cold Gives You a Cold”

The belief that being cold gives you a cold is like blaming the rain for making your hair frizzy. But fear not, my chilly comrades, because this myth is as frosty as an ice cream cone in Antarctica.

Contrary to popular belief, catching a cold isn’t a game of tag with the winter breeze. Colds are caused by viruses, not by shivering in the cold like a penguin caught in a snowstorm. So, the next time someone insists that your runny nose is the direct result of that chilly wind, politely inform them that viruses, not temperature, are the real party crashers.

Sure, being cold might make you uncomfortable, but it won’t summon the common cold virus like a frosty magician pulling a rabbit out of a hat. So, bundle up in that cozy sweater, embrace the winter wonderland, and let the viruses know they’re not invited to your cold-weather fiesta.

5 The Myth: “No Pain, No Gain”

This one’s a classic gym mantra that has been taken a bit too literally: “No Pain, No Gain.” It sounds like the battle cry of the fitness gods, urging you to push through the burn and embrace the agony for the sake of those gains. But let’s debunk this myth with a sprinkle of wisdom and a dash of humor.

First off, pain is your body’s way of saying, “Hey, buddy, something might be wrong here!” It’s not a VIP pass to the gain train. It’s more like a red flag waving in the breeze. While a little discomfort is expected in any workout, treating pain as a badge of honor is like saying you enjoy stubbing your toe just for the thrill.

Contrary to popular belief, gains don’t exclusively come from punishing your body into submission. The key is finding the sweet spot between challenge and self-care. Think of it as a spa day for your muscles, minus the soothing music and fluffy robes.

4 The Myth: “Eggs Raise Your Cholesterol and Are Bad for Your Heart”

The myth that eggs are little cholesterol grenades ready to explode your heart health has been cracked wide open! Contrary to popular belief, eggs are not the villain in the heart health saga. In fact, they’re the heroes of breakfast.

Let’s scramble the facts: Eggs do contain cholesterol, but they also boast high-quality protein and essential nutrients that make them “eggstraordinary” for your overall well-being. Studies have shown that the cholesterol in eggs doesn’t necessarily translate to an increase in blood cholesterol levels for most people.

The incredible edible egg is a powerhouse of nutrients, from brain-boosting choline to eye-loving lutein. In the grand breakfast buffet of life, eggs have rightfully earned their spot. So crack open those shells, embrace the yolks, and let the cholesterol myth be a sunny-side-down story of the past.

3 The Myth: “Detox Diets Cleanse Your Body”

Detox diets promising to cleanse your body like a superhero fighting off toxins might sound tempting, but let’s unravel the truth behind this health myth. Contrary to popular belief, your liver and kidneys aren’t slacking off on the job—they’re the real deal for detoxifying your system.

Detox diets often boast about magical elixirs and exclusive blends that claim to purge your body of impurities. However, science doesn’t quite sing the same tune. The human body is a well-oiled detox machine, breaking down and eliminating waste products without needing a trendy juice to cleanse.

Instead of sipping on pricey concoctions that promise miracles in a bottle, focus on giving your body what it craves: a balanced diet rich in fruits, veggies, and water. Your organs will thank you for nourishing them with the good stuff.

2 The Myth: “More Sweat Equals More Calories Burned”

Have you ever looked at someone drenched in sweat at the gym and thought they must be torching calories like a furnace? Well, sorry to burst your sweaty bubble, but this notion is as false as claiming chocolate makes for a nutritious breakfast.

Sure, sweating feels like a workout victory lap, but it’s not a reliable measure of calorie-burning prowess. Sweating is your body’s way of cooling down, not a sign that you’ve turned into a human calorie-burning furnace.

Think about it this way: A summer stroll in the scorching heat might leave you drenched, but it won’t magically transform your walk into an Olympic-level calorie burn. It’s the exercise itself—not the sweat—that makes the real difference.

So the next time you see someone sweating buckets on the treadmill, give them a nod for their commitment. Remember, the effort they’re putting in, not the amount of sweat, torches those calories. Keep calm, carry a water bottle, and let the sweat flow naturally without expecting it to be a calorie-burning magic potion.

1 The Myth: “Fat-Free Means Healthy”

The notorious “Fat-Free Means Healthy” myth—it’s like the unicorn of dieting, too good to be true. In reality, the absence of fat doesn’t automatically transform a snack into a nutritional superhero.

Sure, fat has a bad rap, but not all fats are created equal. Some fats, like the ones hanging out in avocados and nuts, are part of a balanced diet. The problem with the fat-free frenzy is that it often leads to a sneak attack of added sugars and mysterious chemicals that sound like they belong in a science lab, not your snack drawer.

Think about it: When they take the fat out, something’s gotta give in the taste department. And that something is usually replaced with sugar or artificial flavorings, doing a tap dance on your health goals. So you’re left with a snack like a sugar-coated mirage of healthiness.

The truth? Embrace the good fats, avoid the sugar-loaded impostors, and remember, balance is the real name of the game. Because let’s face it, life’s too short to deprive yourself of the delightfully creamy wonders that healthy fats bring to the table.