When you think of conflict, you might picture guns, trenches, and daring spies, but there’s another, shadowy thread that has woven through battles for centuries: prostitution. The intersection of war, intelligence work, and the lives of women forced or choosing to sell their bodies has produced some of the most astonishing—and heartbreaking—episodes in history. In this roundup of 10 tales prostitutes endured amid combat and covert operations, we’ll travel from Civil‑War America to post‑war Japan, from Colombian drug‑laden streets to the grim corridors of Nazi concentration camps.

10 A Civil War General Popularized The Term ‘Hookers’

Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker, a Union commander famed for his boldness and his popularity among soldiers, found himself thrust into a rather unexpected role in 1863. After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, Hooker was tasked with securing Washington, D.C., and he ordered the roundup of every prostitute in the capital. He corralled them into a single, sanctioned red‑light district that the army marked off‑limits and dubbed “Hooker’s Division.”

Hooker’s headquarters soon turned into a raucous mix of barroom and brothel, frequented by “fallen doves”—the slang term of the day for the women who worked there. Legend has it that President Lincoln once dropped by, prompting a frantic scramble as the doves fled the entrance. The troops that followed the army came to be known as “Hooker’s Legions.” These three intertwined labels helped cement the word “hooker” in American slang, even though it existed beforehand.

9 The Secret Service And DEA In Colombia

In April 2012, a sizeable contingent of Secret Service agents descended on Cartagena, Colombia, to protect President Obama during the Sixth Summit of the Americas. After a night of heavy drinking, several agents bragged about their elite status and hired a group of escorts, among them Dania Suarez. The following morning, Suarez was short‑changed, sparking a heated dispute that drew in a local police officer. The hotel where the debacle unfolded—littered with shattered glass, dog waste from K‑9 units, and a ruined pool—sent a formal complaint, leading to multiple dismissals and even an apparent suicide.

Although no classified information leaked and rumors that the women were Russian spies lack substance, the scandal shone a harsh light on a pattern of misconduct among Secret Service operatives. Reports show they have previously “cavorted” with prostitutes in El Salvador, Panama, Romania, and China. A Homeland Security investigator was also forced to resign after being caught with a prostitute.

The Colombian prostitution scene is tightly entwined with drug cartels, whose hostile stance toward the United States fuels the War on Drugs. An internal probe revealed that DEA agents had been regularly attending sex parties paid for by cartel‑sponsored escorts, accepting pricey gifts and even weapons. The investigation uncovered a decade‑long practice that culminated in the resignation of DEA chief Michele Leonhart.

8 Gerda Munsinger

Gerda Heseler, a German prostitute active in the late 1940s, crossed the volatile border between East and West Germany with regularity. In 1949, border police arrested her for espionage on behalf of the Soviets, accusing her of stealing transit passes, embezzling funds, and cohabiting with a Russian intelligence colonel.

She later secured a secretarial role at a hotel, learned English, and attempted to immigrate to Canada in 1952, only to be denied. After marrying demobilized U.S. serviceman Mike Munsinger in 1953, she finally entered Canada under her married name. In Montreal, she juggled a variety of jobs—prostitution among them—and waited tables at the Chez Paree nightclub, where she began an affair with Pierre Sevigny, a minister in John Diefenbaker’s Progressive Conservative government.

Sevigny and fellow minister George Hees sponsored her Canadian citizenship, but a routine police check raised concerns about a sex worker’s proximity to high‑ranking officials. The Prime Minister was alerted, and Sevigny was ordered to end the liaison. Munsinger returned to Germany, living in obscurity for five years. In 1966, a parliamentary debate resurrected her name, prompting a media frenzy. She was dubbed the “Mata Hari of the Cold War,” compared to Christine Keeler of the Profumo affair, and disparaged as a cheap barmaid unfit for espionage. Despite wild rumors of NATO ties, a Royal Commission concluded there was no security breach. Munsinger later appeared in a film, gave interviews, and died quietly in 1998.

7 The Recreation And Amusement Association

When World War II drew to a close, Japan feared a wave of mass rapes by the occupying American forces, a dread amplified by wartime propaganda portraying U.S. soldiers as savage predators. The anxiety manifested starkly during the Battle of Okinawa, where many Japanese women chose suicide over the prospect of sexual violence. Some local associations even distributed cyanide capsules so women could avoid “dishonor.”

In response, the Japanese government launched the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA) in late August 1945, a veneer for a network of government‑sanctioned brothels. The RAA’s stated mission was to preserve the “purity” of Japanese blood—especially against African‑American troops—and to safeguard women’s chastity by providing a “sexual dike.” Initially staffed by voluntary prostitutes, the operation soon swelled to include war widows and women driven to the trade by dire economic need, eventually employing up to 70,000 women.

Recruitment tactics ranged from patriotic appeals to outright deception, promising office jobs to desperate candidates. One tragic example is teenager Takita Natsue, who, after losing her family, took a job and soon after leapt in front of a train. There are also accounts of outright coercion, forced enlistment, and even the importation of foreign women. The practice persisted for months until rising venereal disease rates and moral objections from chaplains prompted General Douglas MacArthur to order the closure of the RAA in March 1946.

6 US Military Base Prostitution In Korea

During the 1960s, South Korea’s government sought to keep U.S. forces on the peninsula by encouraging women to serve as “patriots” or “civilian diplomats” at American bases. These women received etiquette lessons and were praised for bolstering the struggling Korean economy, but the reality was far harsher.

Prostitutes were subjected to invasive medical examinations; any sign of disease could result in virtual imprisonment. Some women broke their legs trying to escape locked upper‑story rooms. Clubs were occasionally raided by American provosts and Korean police, with detainees identified by numbered tags they were forced to wear. Many women, even those who initially “volunteered,” quickly found themselves trapped in debt cycles—pimps rented makeup and clothing, while offering loans for medical care. The men they served often abused them, and some U.S. soldiers facilitated trafficking, marrying women to bring them to the United States and then depositing them into massage‑parlor networks.

Stigmatized and left in poverty, these women fought for recognition. In 2014, a group of 120 former “camptown” women sued the South Korean government, seeking a formal apology and modest compensation of $10,000 each.

5 Salon Kitty

Kitty Schmidt, a savvy madam, ran a high‑end Berlin brothel before the Nazis seized it. When she tried to flee across the Dutch‑German border, Gestapo agents captured her and took her to Walter Schellenberg, a deputy to SS intelligence chief Reinhard Heydrich. Schellenberg blackmailed Schmidt with evidence of smuggled funds and forged documents, forcing her to transform Salon Kitty into a surveillance‑laden den, staffed exclusively with women vetted by the regime.

The brothel became a favored haunt for senior Nazis and foreign diplomats, who indulged their fetishes while unaware that their escapades were being recorded for potential blackmail. Notable guests included Mussolini’s son‑in‑law, Count Galeazzo Ciano, caught ridiculing Hitler on tape, and even Heydrich himself, who inspected the premises but ensured the listening devices remained off.

The most consequential intelligence came from the Allies. A British operative infiltrated Salon Kitty, tapping the wires and overhearing a conversation between Nazi Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and his Spanish counterpart about a prospective invasion of Gibraltar. The British bolstered Gibraltar’s defenses, effectively thwarting the German plan. The brothel later suffered damage in an Allied air raid, ending its espionage role.

4 Rosa Henson

Maria Rosa Luna Henson entered the world in 1927 in the Philippines, a child of a mother repeatedly raped by a landlord. Growing up in poverty, she joined the Hukbalahap resistance after the Japanese invaded in 1942, having already suffered multiple rapes at the hands of a Japanese officer.

In 1943, while transporting supplies, Henson was stopped at a Japanese checkpoint; unlike her two male companions, she was taken to a makeshift “comfort station” hospital. There, she endured daily rape by up to thirty soldiers for eight hours a day, with no respite because she had not yet begun menstruating. The women were granted a few days off each month, but Henson received none. Soldiers sometimes suffered impotence, leading them to beat her mercilessly. She also faced meager rations, a miscarriage, and two bouts of malaria. During one illness, a Japanese officer named Tanaka—who had previously raped her—nursed her, creating a bewildering mix of anger, gratitude, and pity.

After nine harrowing months, a Huk raid liberated Henson. She kept silent about her ordeal until 1992, when she bravely published her memoirs and joined lawsuits against the Japanese government. The Asian Women’s Fund, financed by Japan, offered compensation—a controversial move critics argued was a way for Japan to dodge full responsibility. Henson accepted the payout, used it to build a home in Manila, and died in 1997 at the age of 69.

3 The North African Prostitute Nurses Of Dien Bien Phu

In Algeria, young women from the village of Ouled Nail traditionally turned to prostitution to amass a dowry. Meanwhile, the French colonial army operated the Bataillon Medical de Campagne, which eventually evolved into the Bordel Mobile de Campagne (BMC), a traveling field brothel designed to keep soldiers’ morale high and curb sexual violence.

Although controversial, the BMC persisted because it offered a regulated outlet for soldiers, reducing the risk of uncontrolled rapes and allowing authorities to monitor venereal disease. In Vietnam, the French discovered that some local “Trojan whores” used their positions to betray French outposts from within. Yet the BMC also performed admirably for the French war effort; two Algerian women were even recommended for the Croix de Guerre after a grueling two‑day trek to an isolated post, only to have the award rescinded due to American PR concerns.

During the climactic siege of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, two BMC units—comprising eleven Algerian and six Vietnamese women—served alongside combat troops. Beyond providing sexual services, they acted as nurses, comforting the dying and assisting overstretched medical staff. Several lost their lives in the fighting, and the survivors were among the last to surrender after an almost two‑month siege.

2 The Strange Odyssey Of Nashville’s Civil War Prostitutes

During the American Civil War, Union General William Rosecrans grew uneasy about the amount of time his soldiers spent with Nashville’s prostitutes and the resulting spike in venereal disease. In July 1863, he ordered Provost Marshal George Spalding to round up the city’s sex workers. Spalding gathered 111 white women, but had no means to transport them elsewhere.

Rosecrans coerced steamboat owner John Newcomb to ferry the women aboard his brand‑new vessel, the Idahoe. However, no downstream city would accept the cargo. Louisville barred docking, Cincinnati refused entry, and Ohio denied any landing. The Idahoe was forced to dock across the river in Kentucky, where the women, ill‑prepared and lacking fresh clothes, turned to alcohol, some leapt into the river, and rumors of a knife fight circulated.

Eventually, the Idahoe returned to Nashville, only to find black prostitutes had already filled the void. Spalding, now faced with a dilemma, legalized the trade. The women were required to register and received regular medical examinations, with free treatment for those infected. This experiment dramatically improved hygiene and lowered infection rates, but the policy was abandoned once the war ended and civilian government resumed control. Newcomb never recovered his ship’s reputation, forever remembered as the “Floating Whorehouse,” and only after two years did he finally receive promised compensation.

1 Nazi Concentration Camp Sexual Slavery

Among the myriad horrors perpetrated by the Nazis, forced prostitution and sexual slavery remain less widely recognized than other atrocities. Recent research by the Holocaust Memorial Museum identified roughly 500 brothels spread across the Nazis’ 42,500 camps and ghettos throughout Europe.

These establishments, euphemistically labeled “special task forces,” existed in infamous sites such as Ravensbrück, Auschwitz, and Dachau. Many women “volunteered” for these units as a desperate survival strategy, lured by promises of better food, disinfectant baths, medical care, and even sunlamp sessions. Others were deceived into believing they would be released after six months. The veneer of voluntariness has led to lingering stigma, and most survivors did not pursue post‑war compensation, feeling it would be degrading and because sexual crimes received little attention in the immediate aftermath.

The brothels served multiple purposes: they provided recreation for SS officers, acted as incentives for camp laborers, and rewarded foremen and barrack heads. While the SS rigorously monitored STDs, contraception was left to the women, resulting in occasional pregnancies. Those women were removed from the brothels and subjected to forced abortions. Heinrich Himmler, overseeing the system, was also preoccupied with homosexuality, which he believed threatened the German birth rate. He ordered “cures” for gay men, including forced visits to the brothels and placement in labor battalions alongside prostitute‑staffed units, a policy that proved disastrous and often reinforced trauma.

There’s nothing like a thrilling spy film. Whether it’s a gritty true‑story or the glitzy world of James Bond, we’re hooked on the covert craft. Our fascination grew during the Cold War, when the globe seemed to need a daring figure to stand up to looming threats. We craved a hero bold enough, and perhaps a little unhinged, to confront anyone bent on world domination. Enter the legend himself: Bond, James Bond.

10 Innovative Devices That Changed Spycraft

10 Lipstick Pistol

You recall the iconic scene—Helga Brandt and James Bond sharing a cramped plane. Helga daintily applies lipstick, sighs, “I’m terribly sorry to leave you, but I must get off,” then drops a lipstick that releases a disorienting gas, parachutes away, leaving Bond trapped in a doomed aircraft. Who would suspect a tiny tube of lipstick could double as a lethal weapon? It makes for a perfect distraction. From Rita Hayworth’s seductive smile to Claire Standish’s iconic lip‑application moment in The Breakfast Club, lipstick has always captivated the male gaze.

In reality, a 1960s KGB operative could turn that glamour into a death‑sentence. Female Soviet agents carried 4.5 mm single‑shot “lipstick” pistols, ominously dubbed the “Kiss of Death.” While exact casualty numbers remain a mystery, the International Spy Museum showcases a confiscated example from a mid‑1960s KGB agent, underscoring the lethal blend of style and steel.

9 Shoe Heel Transmitters

What can a shoe do besides walk? In the realm of espionage, a shoe heel can whisper secrets. During the 1960s‑70s, Romania’s secret police teamed up with the national postal service to slip tiny transmitters into the heels of Western diplomats who ordered shoes from abroad. Agents also infiltrated hotel rooms housing American envoys, gaining access to their footwear. Inside the heels, battery‑powered microphones and transmitters silently recorded conversations until the batteries died.

The devices proved effective until a sweep revealed a puzzling signal that vanished whenever diplomats left a room. That clue led investigators to discover the hidden transmitters tucked inside the diplomats’ shoes, exposing a clever, if invasive, listening operation.

8 Pigeon Cameras

It’s rare to applaud pigeons, yet these feathered couriers earned Medals of Honor for their wartime valor. While not high‑tech, pigeon‑borne cameras played a pivotal role in gathering and sharing intelligence.

In 1908, Dr. Julius Neubronner patented a portable pigeon camera, initially marketing aerial postcards. During World War I, the German National Pigeon Service strapped miniature cameras onto birds to locate enemy positions, assess weaponry, and draft topographical maps. Pigeons also ferried messages when radio waves were jammed, saving countless lives.

These avian agents boasted a 95 % success rate even under fire. Their heroism earned them the Dickin Medal—an animal analogue to the Victoria Cross. Of the 54 medals awarded, 32 went to pigeons, including The Scotch Lass, who flew injured to deliver crucial micro‑photographs to Allied troops in the Netherlands.

7 Bulletproof Headphones

Imagine a dimly lit room in an abandoned building or the cramped back of an unmarked van. An operative, headphones snug over his ears, monitors chatter, relays intel, and triangulates locations. It sounds routine—until disaster strikes.

In 2009, a CIA officer found himself cornered in an Afghan alley by an armed gunman. Two rifle rounds struck his headphones, one on each side, sparing his skull from direct hits. While the headgear wasn’t truly bulletproof, the serendipitous placement of the rounds prevented fatal injuries, hinting at the untapped protective potential of such gear.

6 Dog Doo Transmitter

Officially labeled T‑1151, this gadget earned the nickname Doo Radio Transmitter. Shaped like animal feces—whether canine, feline, or primate—it covertly tracked Viet Cong troop movements and supply convoys along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Both the military and the CIA monitored its signals, using the unassuming disguise to avoid detection, as few would willingly pick up a piece of poop.

5 Insectothoper

Bugging a conversation often calls for literal bugs. In the 1970s, the CIA engineered the Insectothoper—a dragonfly‑shaped micro‑robot with a tiny engine and microphone housed in its head. It could fly roughly 650 feet for half a minute, enough to perch near a target and capture audio. Indoors, it performed admirably; outdoors, however, even a light breeze rendered it uncontrollable.

The concept intrigued the KGB, which attempted a replica in 1976—though its success remains debated. Modern CIA units now field remote‑controlled, miniaturized insectothopers far smaller than the original dragonfly prototype.

4 A Fish Called Charlie

In the 1990s, the CIA’s Office of Advanced Technologies unveiled “Charlie”—a remote‑controlled robotic catfish. Much like the canned tuna mascot, this underwater device housed a microphone and mimicked a real catfish so convincingly that it could blend into aquatic environments. Initially designed to collect water samples near nuclear facilities, Charlie paved the way for subsequent unmanned underwater intelligence platforms used by academic researchers.

3 Scrotum Concealment

Creative concealment is a hallmark of spycraft, and this device showcases the CIA’s ingenuity. When a fighter pilot ejects, he needs a covert way to signal his location for rescue without risking discovery during a search. The solution? A miniature radio hidden inside a faux scrotum that could be glued onto the pilot’s body and later removed.

The device, dubbed Scrotum Concealment, housed a tiny transmitter. Though the concept was technically sound, the mortifying nature of the disguise led to the project never receiving official approval.

2 Bulgarian Umbrella

In the film For Your Eyes Only, Q presents Bond with an innocuous umbrella that, when closed, deploys lethal spikes. In real life, a similar weapon sealed the fate of Georgi Markov on September 7, 1978.

Markov, a Bulgarian dissident who defected to Italy in 1968, worked for the BBC World Service in London. The Bulgarian Communist regime, under Todor Zhivkov, ordered his assassination. While strolling in broad daylight, Markov felt a sharp sting in his leg, turned, and saw a man with an umbrella dart into a taxi.

Forensic analysis revealed a hollow metal pellet lodged in his thigh, distinct from conventional bullet wounds. The pellet delivered ricin—a potent toxin derived from castor beans—causing multi‑organ failure over several days. The assassin’s umbrella, modified to inject the ricin pellet when triggered, proved both discreet and deadly.

KGB defectors Oleg Kalugin and Oleg Gordievsky later confirmed the weapon was supplied by the Soviet Union to the Bulgarian secret service, where agent Francesco Gullino executed the hit. A cache of such umbrella guns was uncovered in Bulgaria in 1991.

1 The Rectal Tool Kit

Every spy needs a reliable toolkit, but the CIA’s Technical Division took concealment to an extreme with the Rectal Tool Kit. This sealed, oblong case housed an array of escape‑aid items—lock picks, drill bits, knives, miniature saws—designed to be hidden where no search would think to look. Issued to agents in the 1960s, the kit could be slipped into a rectal cavity, providing a discreet means of escape if captured.

These gadgets represent just a fraction of the clandestine arsenal on display at institutions like the Deutsches Spionagemuseum in Berlin, the KGB Espionage Museum, Spyscape in New York City, and the International Spy Museum in Washington, DC. With countless devices still classified, the true breadth of spy ingenuity remains a tantalizing mystery.

Espionage played a crucial role during the Second World War. Spies and covert operatives were extensively deployed by every major power across the front, including the USSR, USA, Britain, and Germany. Apart from the usual listening jobs and assassination missions, these agents were also responsible for training local resistance movements in the occupied regions, as well as preparing the battlefield before major offensives. 

10. Operation Greif

As the war progressed, Otto Skorzeny earned a reputation as one of the most dangerous and effective operatives in Europe. Working directly for Adolf Hitler, he rescued Mussolini from a fortified mountain-top hotel in Italy, shortly after he was overthrown and arrested by Italian authorities. In another case, Skorzeny successfully kidnapped the son of the Hungarian regent, Admiral Horthy, and used him to force Hungary to remain in the war. 

His most audacious mission was infiltrating allied positions during the last phases of the war in Belgium. Known as Operation Greif, its primary objective was to kidnap or kill General Dwight D. Eisenhower, using the large offensive at Ardennes as cover. It was a poorly-planned operation and the agents on the ground were quickly captured by the allied forces, mostly due to their poor English. 

9. Operation Animals

Operation Animals was actually a series of operations carried out by allied spies and local resistance fighters across occupied Greece. Some time in June, 1943, coordinated attacks began on communication lines, railways, and other infrastructure under German occupation, making it seem like the allied army was about to invade. 

Only, there were no plans to attack Greece before securing the Italian peninsula. The mission was actually a part of a large-scale deception operation aimed at distracting the Germans from the oncoming assault on Sicily, called Operation Mincemeat. It mostly worked, too, as it forced the German high command to tie down some of its best units in Greece instead of sending them to reinforce Sicily, including the 1st Panzerdivision. Operation Animals played an important role in the outcome of the war on the European front, as it was directly responsible for the Italian surrender on September 3, 1943.

8. Operation Rype

On March 24, 1945, an American covert unit was airdropped somewhere in Snasa Mountains, kicking off the only US-led operation of the war in occupied Norway. The members included Norwegian-speaking Americans, Americans of direct Norwegian descent, and Norwegians that had somehow found themselves in the US due to various reasons. 

Working with the local resistance force, the primary objective of this unit – codenamed Rype – was to make life difficult for the retreating German force, as the war was now in its final stages. They largely succeeded, too, as the group was responsible for sabotaging multiple railway lines and other evacuation routes used by the Germans. To honor their contribution to the war, the Norwegian Home Guard unit stationed in the Trøndelag region was recently renamed to Task Force RYPE. 

7. The Duquesne Spy Ring

The Duquesne Spy Ring was named after and led by Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne – a South African-born operative working for Germany in the run-up to the war. Based out of New York, the operation involved at least 33 other spies, making it one of the largest spy operations uncovered on US soil. 

It was an elaborate, spread-out operation, though we’re still not sure about the extent of information passed on to Nazi Germany in the time it was active. Duquesne, who had previously spied for Germany in the First World War, was a difficult agent to pin down, as he was expertly able to change identities and go silent for extended periods of time to avoid arrest. He was at times a journalist, film publicist, fictional Australian war hero, and even an advising game-hunter to President Theodore Roosevelt.

6. Operation Anthropoid

Reinhard Heydrich was a high-ranking official in the Nazi regime, and one of the main architects of the Holocaust. Working as the head of the Gestapo and other military police organizations in Germany, he created the dreaded Einsatzgruppen; death squads specializing in counter insurgency and large-scale ethnic-cleansing campaigns that followed the German advance east. He’d never stand formal trial for his crimes, as Reinhard Heydrich was one of the few SS officials assassinated by resistance forces much before the end of the war.

Operation Anthropoid was carried out by two Czech operatives, Jozef Gab?ík and Jan Kubiš, on May 27, 1942. At the time, Hydrich was stationed in Prague as the governor of one of Czekhoslavakia’s occupied provinces, which he ruled with an iron fist. While the initial attempt wasn’t outright successful, as the gun used by one of the agents jammed, a grenade thrown under his car left Hydrich with serious injuries. He succumbed on June 4, making it one of the most high profile assassinations of the entire war.

5. The War Against Trains

Throughout the war in Europe, there was a concentrated effort by partisan forces in many occupied countries to sabotage the railway network. The Soviet high command even had a formal word for it, Operation Rail War, which directed partisan units in Belarus to attack the railway network in order to support the upcoming Soviet offensives in Ukraine and Belarus.

In fact, the operation is now a formative part of Belarussian history of the war, and is still taught in schools as a major achievement by Belarussian partisans. Hundreds of thousands of miles of railway lines were destroyed during the operation, which severely hampered the German ability to reinforce its positions in the east. In the west, too, partisans in occupied countries like Norway, Italy, and Greece specifically targeted railway lines and carriages to thwart the Axis war effort, to varying degrees of success. 

4. Operation Fortitude South

Operation Fortitude South was the main deception operation in the larger Operation Bodyguard – a continent-wide espionage effort to hide the Normandy landings. While the Germans knew that the main Western Allied Force was about to attack somewhere, they had no idea where, thanks in large part to multiple intelligence and counterintelligence operations by British and American operatives. 

Fortitude South was primarily aimed at forcing the Germans to concentrate their firepower in the Calais region near the Dover Strait – the most likely site for a potential amphibious invasion from Britain – instead of Normandy. One of the mission’s many phases was a sub-operation called Quicksilver I, when a whole fake army group called the First United States Army Group was created, complete with dummy aircraft, tanks, and other fake military equipment that looked like a real military force from the air. The operation was so successful that even after the D-Day landings had started, Hitler refused to move reinforcements there for about seven weeks, as he waited for an invasion that would never come. 

3. Operation Gunnerside

Operation Gunnerside was one of the most audacious covert operations of the war, as it involved a small group of agents attempting to infiltrate a highly-protected and fortified German-run power plant in Norway. The target was a hydroelectric plant in Vemork just outside the town of Rjukan, which produced most of the world’s heavy water. For the uninitiated, heavy water is a form of water with special properties that could be used in the production of nuclear weapons, making it one of the most highly-prized compounds in the world at the time.

Beginning on February 16, 1943, nine Norwegian commandos made their way through minefields, frozen cliffs, and heavy snowfall to reach the plant. The actual operation was carried out on February 27, resulting in the complete destruction of the heavy water production cells at the facility. According to estimates, Germany lost more than 500 kilograms – or about 1,100 pounds – of heavy water due to the sabotage, setting its nuclear program back by months – if not years – and allowing the allies to gain a crucial advantage in the nuclear arms race. 

2. Richard Sorge

Richard Sorge was a German journalist and member of the Nazi party since 1933. In 1938, he was stationed in Tokyo as the main adviser and press attaché to the German ambassador,  Eugen Ott. In German and Japanese circles, Sorge was seen as a devoted member of the Nazi party, even if in reality, nothing could be further from the truth. Sorge was in fact a staunch communist since the First World War, and had even participated in the Spartacus League uprising during the short-lived German revolution of 1919. 

From his recruitment in 1925 to his arrest by Japanese authorities in late 1941, Richard Sorge would prove to be perhaps the most valuable asset in the global Soviet intelligence network. In May, 1941, he correctly reported that the Germans were about to launch a full-scale invasion of the USSR on June 20, which was only off by two days or so. In August of the same year, his report on Japanese plans to attack targets in the Pacific – specifically Pearl Harbor – and not the USSR allowed Stalin to move a large part of his force out of Manchuria and into the Russian heartland. Thanks to those reinforcements, Russia was able to overturn its precarious position in the Battle of Moscow and drive the German force into retreat, which would prove to be a major turning point of the war. 

1. Red Orchestra

The Red Orchestra was only one of the many resistance groups active against the Nazis in Germany and nearby countries, though it was by far the most successful. From 1933 to 1942, when it was finally busted, spies, informants, and other covert operatives from the group were involved in various operations against the Nazi regime, including providing shelter to local Jews and documenting Nazi atrocities to send them to media houses abroad. 

Due to their name, the group has often been associated with the USSR and its sprawling intelligence network across Western Europe at the time, though in reality its members came from many sides of the political spectrum. After it was busted by German authorities in 1942, most Red Orchestra members were either executed or sent to various concentration camps across Germany, bringing a tragic end to one of the most daring espionage efforts of the war.