Neil Armstrong once said, “I think we’re going to the Moon because it’s in the nature of the human being to face challenges. It’s by the nature of his deep inner soul. We’re required to do these things just as salmon swim upstream.”

Just as powerful as our urge to face challenges, we humans also have the drive to record what we’ve seen. During our earlier ages of exploration, such as the Polynesian exploration of the Pacific or the age of European sailing ships, we recorded our discoveries through stories or the written word or paintings.

But the exploration of space has been unique. During our entire venture into the heavens, we have had access to photography. We can take living pictures for every new boundary broken and every new horizon. These are 10 such images, the first of their kind, taken in and about the infinite expanse of space.

10 The Very First Image Taken From Space

In October 1946, 15 years before humans visited space in person and less than a year after the conclusion of World War II, a team of scientists and soldiers in New Mexico launched a V-2 missile 105 kilometers (65 mi) into the sky. This rocket was equipped with a 35mm camera and snapped a photo every second and a half.

It achieved a height five times higher than the previous highest photo taken. When the V-2 missile’s photos were developed, what appeared on them affected the responsible team powerfully.

“They were ecstatic, they were jumping up and down like kids,” said Fred Rulli, an enlisted man involved in the camera recovery team. “The scientists just went nuts.”

And for good reason. The photos captured a sight that no human had ever seen before—Earth as viewed from beyond our atmosphere, Earth as seen from space. Many such missile launches were conducted in the coming years, and over 1,000 Earth pictures were recorded from space between 1946 and 1950.

But those pictures taken in 1946 would forever be our first view from outside our home.^[1]

9 The First Image Taken Of The Sun

The Sun has been a constant companion for the entirety of human existence, but its very nature limited our understanding of it for much of history. The details of the Sun were often difficult to perceive because even looking at it was a strain. Features such as the corona and sunspots were usually painful to behold with the naked eye.

But in 1845 at the dawn of photography, two French physicists captured the first image of the Sun. Louis Fizeau and Lion Foucault recorded the image on a 12.7-centimeter (5 in) daguerreotype photograph. Though naked eye observations of sunspots date back to as early as 28 BC, this photo clearly depicted that day’s sunspots and allowed for a permanent record of the Sun’s cycles and changes.

In fact, by 1858, a daily record of the Sun was being kept by means of photography. Between 1858 and 1872, over 3,000 images of the Sun were captured and cataloged by Warren de la Rue at England’s Kew Observatory.^[2]

Even a solar eclipse was captured by de la Rue’s team in Spain in 1860. Today, you can check on the Sun whenever you’d like via NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, which posts nearly live images of the Sun captured through many different means and wavelengths.

8 The First Image Taken From The Surface Of Our Moon

After a number of failed attempts, the Soviet Union succeeded in landing an unmanned spacecraft, Luna 9, on our Moon. The craft touched down on February 3, 1966, on an area of the Moon called Oceanus Procellarum (“Ocean of Storms”).

Luna 9 used airbags to cushion its rocky landing and was equipped with a turret camera that made history. This camera was the first of all time where a picture was taken on the surface of a celestial body besides Earth.

Luna 9 had limited power provided only through batteries, and it died three days after landing. But that was enough time to take and transmit a panorama from the Moon. The first image transmitted was intercepted and published in England even before the Soviet Union could publicize their success.^[3]

7 First Image Of Auroras And Lightning On Another Planet

Two of the most brilliant and luminous phenomena on planet Earth were captured on a different celestial body for the first time during the historic flyby of Jupiter performed by the Voyager 1 spacecraft on March 5, 1979. The image—a grainy window of black and white—shows the curved horizon of our massive neighbor being lit by the planet’s own powerful auroras.

Caught in the same image, which was a three-minute-and-12-second exposure with a wide-angle lens, are the bright bursts of light from lightning churned into existence by Jupiter’s planetwide storms.^[4]

The Voyager 1 flyby also found the first active volcanoes beyond Earth, the Jovian ring system, and two new moons of Jupiter. However, these images were only the beginning of its discovery.

Voyager 1 went on to visit Saturn and is the most far-flung man-made object. As of this writing, the craft is approximately 21.9 billion kilometers (13.6 billion mi) from our Sun.

6 First Image Of An Interstellar Visitor To Our Solar System

On October 19, 2017, an object (first called 1I/2017 U1) was detected by the Pan-STARRS1 telescope at the University of Hawaii, and this object defied definition. Originally, it was classified as a comet. But when no signs of comet-like activity (for example, no evidence of dust, ice, or water of any sort) were noted, it was reclassified as an asteroid.

However, that didn’t make sense, either. The object was measured to be accelerating as no asteroid would. On top of that, its brightness increased by a factor of 10 as it rotated. This was due to its shape, which was unlike anything ever seen in our solar system. It was long and cylindrical.

What was it?

Further observations determined that this object was not from our solar system. It was the first, and so far only, object confirmed to originate outside the domain of our Sun. A more fitting name was given to it—Oumuamua (pronounced “oh MOO-uh MOO-uh”)—a Hawaiian term meaning “a messenger from afar arriving first.”

Orbital calculations of Oumuamua suggest that it traveled to us by way of what is now the Vega star system. However, when Oumuamua was in that neck of the woods (300,000 years ago), Vega was not there. So its actual point of origin is still a mystery.

The image captured of Oumuamua shows only a tiny glimpse of this visitor. As it passed us, it traveled 315,000 kilometers per hour (196,000 mph), so the telescope capturing its image had to track its movement. This resulted in a picture of a small white dot surrounded by stars that were smeared by the movement of the telescope. An uninspiring picture of a very inspiring traveler.^[5]

5 First Image Of A Comet Hitting A Planet

Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet discovered in March 1993 by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. This group of veteran trackers had discovered many other comets before this one, but this Shoemaker-Levy comet was something special.

After watching this fuzzy celestial body for some months, it became clear that this was the first comet discovered that did not revolve around our Sun. Instead, it orbited the planet Jupiter. Though it had likely been in orbit there for decades, we found it toward the end of its adventure. A little over a year later, Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with the planet it orbited.

Between July 16 and July 22, 1994, Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke into 21 distinct fragments that slammed into the surface of Jupiter. At that time, the Galileo spacecraft was en route to Jupiter and too far away to observe the event. But astronomers the world over were watching.

Though the collisions occurred on the far side of Jupiter that was facing away from Earth, the impact site spun into view shortly thereafter. Astronomers were able to get a view of the impact site, sometimes mere minutes after the collisions.

Shoemaker-Levy 9 left massive dark smudges painted over the arch of Jupiter’s surface that lasted for at least a month before being consumed by the planet’s ever-turning storms.^[6]

4 First Image Of An Exoplanet

We’ve always known that there must be planets outside our own solar system. Unlike the massive and luminous stars they orbit, however, these exoplanets are small and dark by comparison. They are difficult to see, even with incredibly powerful telescopes. To view an exoplanet, we needed something even better.

Enter the accurately named Very Large Telescope (VLT) array which consists of four main 8.2-meter-diameter (26.9 ft) telescopes (named Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun) and four 1.8-meter-diameter (5.9 ft) auxiliary telescopes which could work independently of each other or in unison.

Independently, these mirrors can perceive light four billion times fainter than the naked human eye can. When the equipment works as a team, astronomers can see details 25 times greater than possible with each individual telescope.

Using this incredible piece of technology, the first image of an exoplanet was captured. The technology allowed this history-making photo, although the exoplanet was primed to be discovered because it was truly gigantic.

This exoplanet, which orbits a brown dwarf 230 light-years from us, is five times the size of Jupiter. Although other exoplanets have been found, this was the first one large enough to be directly imaged. As of this writing, over 4,000 exoplanets have been discovered.^[7]

3 First Image Of An Unborn Exomoon

If exoplanets are difficult to find, you can imagine how difficult it is to see an exomoon. But an exomoon in the process of forming may be significantly easier. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), astronomers were able to capture an image of a ring of debris around a planet. This is known as a circumplanetary disk.

Unlike the rings around Saturn, which are icy and formed by comets, a circumplanetary disk is created in the same forge as the planet itself. Similar disks have been observed around stars. Called circumstellar disks, they give rise to planets.

This was the first such disk imaged around an exoplanet (or any planet for that matter as no circumstellar disks are in our own solar system). Given time, this disk will coalesce into one or more moons to accompany this new planet.^[8]

2 First Image Of A Black Hole

Black holes are celestial phenomena that have reached almost mythological status because of their mysterious nature and place in pop culture. These objects have so much mass and gravity that it becomes impossible for anything, including light, to escape from their unrelenting gravitational pull.

To capture an image of a black hole is impossible because no light, radio waves, or anything else can escape from its event horizon. So it is more accurate to say that this is the first image of a black hole’s silhouette—a shadow, as it were, of a black hole in contrast to the glowing hot material that it is consuming.

Capturing this image took a team of telescopes working simultaneously. Earlier, we discussed the VLT array and how its many telescopes worked in unison with each other. Capturing the image of a black hole’s silhouette took the same basic approach on a global basis.

A network of telescopes called the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) was put to work. Many telescopes from across the planet were synchronized to look at a single object in space. The two most distant from each other were located in the South Pole and in Spain. The aperture of the EHT was almost the size of the Earth’s diameter.

In total, eight telescopes from around the world were used to capture this image of a supermassive black hole (6.5 billion times more massive than our own Sun) in the center of a galaxy 53 million light-years away.^[9]

1 First Image Of A Survivor After A Supernova

Supernovae are the most powerful explosions known to exist in space. They unleash such terrifying might that a supernova, even at a huge cosmological distance away from us, can still be so bright as to be distinctly visible during daylight.

Recorded in 1054, one such supernova was visible during the day for almost a month and visible at night for almost two years. Sometimes, these explosions happen at the end of a star’s life cycle. Particularly interesting is the Type IIb stripped-envelope supernova which happens when most of a star’s hydrogen is stripped away prior to exploding.

The cause of a Type IIb stripped-envelope supernova?

Many stars exist in pairs or triplets (unlike our Sun which is alone). In such a system, a star can begin eating away at the hydrogen of its partner. This was the case with supernova SN 2001ig, which exploded about 40 million light-years away (and 40 million years ago) in the galaxy NGC 7424.

Over the course of millions of years, a companion star robbed its partner of its outer sheath of hydrogen, which is used to channel energy from the core outward. Without this outer shell, the star became unstable and eventually exploded in a supernova, which scientists on Earth watched.

A decade after the explosion when the light from the blast dimmed, the Hubble Space Telescope was able to capture an image unlike any before it. The picture showed a survivor of a supernova that was also the thief star that had caused its partner to explode in the first place.^[10]

Fossils are the traces left by organisms – if they happen to die in just the right time and just the right place. If the conditions are correct the organic structures are replaced by minerals that can last hundreds of millions of years. Fossils are our best way of understanding ancient life but often scientists have to make do with mere fragments of bone that can be hard to interpret.

In exceptional cases a whole animal is preserved and sometimes it is tells us a great deal about how the organism lived. Here are ten fossils that capture a snapshot of the primordial world.

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10 A Snake Hunts a Dinosaur

In popular imagination dinosaurs were the undisputed masters of their world. Yet the dinosaurs shared their planet with creatures that would, if they got the chance, take a bite out of those terrible lizards. In one case it seems that a snake decided to raid a dinosaur nest for its meal.

Sanajeh indicus was a species of snake that lived around 67-million years ago. When the remains of this 3.5m long snake were discovered it was found beside a clutch of dinosaur eggs. Sometimes it happens that dead animals will be washed together by a flash flood and be preserved next to each other by chance. In this case though the coils of the snake show it died suddenly inside the nest. Most telling of all were the remains of newly hatched sauropod dinosaur. While sauropod dinosaurs grew up to be vast creatures this individual was still tiny, and vulnerable to snake attack.

Other fossils found nearby show other Sanajeh snakes wrapped around other eggs so this was not a one off example of snakes snacking on baby dinosaurs.^[1]

9 A Shared Burrow

250-million years after it was filled with mud the fossil of a small burrow was discovered by a palaeontologist. Even as a fossil just of a burrow from that long ago it would be interesting but when it was examined it was found to have not just one occupant, but two.

The first animal spotted inside the burrow was a proto-mammal called Thrinaxodon that is thought to have created the hole. But right next to it was an amphibian called Broomistega. Since Broomistega is precisely the sort of animal that the carnivorous Thrinaxodon would have hunted the two make for unlikely bunk mates.

Scientists who examined the specimen considered various scenarios to explain how the two ended up together. Key to understanding what happened were the injuries on the amphibian. Two bite marks on the top of the head showed it had been attacked, but the bite marks do not match the Thrinaxodon. Researchers believe that Thrinaxodon was probably asleep, or in a state of torpor, when an injured Broomistega dragged itself into the burrow for safety or to escape the sun.

Unfortunately both the burrow’s inhabitants were caught in a muddy slurry when a flash flood buried them alive.^[2]

8 Parasite Escapes Dying Host

Parasites are amazing, if unnerving, creatures. Instead of the hassle of finding their own food they are perfectly adapted to steal from other creatures. Sometimes they move inside of their hosts to get both access to nutrients and security. You might think that it is unlikely then that we would have any fossil evidence of these subtle creatures but amber is teeming with traces of parasitism.

Sometimes when you kill an insect you may witness a horrifying event. While you have rid yourself of one creepy-crawly another suddenly emerges. When a parasitic nematode senses that its host is dying it will often struggle free. A bizarrely long worm can unfold itself from a dying insect – and this can actually be seen in ancient amber.

When a little planthopper bug found itself struggling in thick tree sap its life was pretty much over. What the planthooper didn’t know was that more than one life was at stake. As the planthooper died a worm that had been filling almost its entire body cavity began to escape. Unfortunately for the parasite it was no more able to escape the sap than its host. Both were preserved for 35-million years.^[3]

7 Death March

The fossil record is full of track marks left by creatures as they wandered around in the mud. Sometimes these are large footprints of dinosaurs that recorded stampedes and sometimes they are the tiny paths worms leave as they wriggle about. Sometimes the tracks record the last moments of an animal’s life and are known as Mortichnia – Death Marches.

For one horseshoe crab we know exactly how it died because we have a 9.7m track of its last steps and the remains of the animal itself. Around 150-million years ago this young horseshoe stumbled into a lake with low oxygen levels. It fell on its back but managed to right itself and carry on its walk. It struggled of for several minutes before it was finally suffocated.

In the low oxygen water the horseshoe crab was quickly buried in mud that preserved the footprints it left in its attempts to escape the lake.^[4]

6 Pollen Sneeze

The situations that fossils preserve are often ones that persist for hours of days. Fossilised remains that are caught in amber can capture moments that only occur for seconds. Or in the case of one pollen sneeze by a plant a moment that lasted just one tenth of a second.

Usually when we think of pollen and sneezes we are imagining the allergic reaction pollen can cause us. But some plants when they release their pollen do it in short and sudden burst to make sure it spreads. In 20-million year old amber researchers discovered an extinct plant they named Ekrixanthera, meaning “explosive anther,” in the act of shooting off its load of pollen.

The plants had evolved to release their pollen into the air during short dry periods in the tropical forests where they lived. The drying of the plants puts their reproductive organs under tension that causes them to explode and release their pollen. It was this explosive sexual moment that was caught in the amber.^[5]

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5 Turtle Sex

It is not just relatively passive plant sex that has been caught in fossils. For two unlucky turtles the moment of their orgasm was more than just a “little death” – it was the real thing. It seems the turtles were pretty extreme creatures. They chose to breed while swimming in a volcanic lake.

Several turtles in male-female pairs were found in sediment from 47-million years ago. They appear to have been caught in the act of love based on the way they were preserved. The pairs were found with their rear ends together and their tales in the position used by modern turtles. Before studies had identified the male and female individuals in the pairs some had speculated that the turtles might have died in some form of combat.

The lake where the turtles lived was likely saturated with toxic gases released by volcanic activity. If the mating pairs descended from the oxygen-rich upper layers they would have been poisoned by the waters below because some turtles have skin that allows gases to be exchanged with the water they are swimming in.^[6]

4 Sea Creatures Giving Birth on Land

After sex comes the moment of birth. This can be a dangerous moment for creatures and so there are plenty of fossils which record unfortunate mothers who died in the act of giving birth. Sometimes these fossils can reveal a great deal about the lives of these creatures from their birth to their death.

Ichthyosaurs were sea reptiles that were major predators in ancient seas from around 250 to 90-million years ago. Many fossils have been found of various ichthyosaur mothers with their young inside them and just after birth. Most of these show the young leaving their mother tail-first which suggests they were born at sea. One early ichthyosaur called Chaohusaurus that lived 250-million years ago was found giving birth to young who emerged head first.

Since head first birth is only found in land animals this suggests that the first ichthyosaurs crawled onto land to give birth. This would be an intermediate step as ichthyosaurs evolved to be creatures that lived fully at sea.^[7]

3 Battling Dinosaurs

Velociraptors were not quite the threat they appear to be in Jurassic Park. For a start they were roughly the size of a turkey so unlikely to have hunted down humans, had any been around. But they were still superb killing machines with large claws on their feet. For one Protoceratops in ancient Mongolia its meeting with a velociraptor was deadly – for everyone involved.

The skeletons of both the Velociraptor and Protoceratops still locked in battle were discovered 74-million years later. The Velociraptor has its vicious claw jammed into the throat of its prey in what would probably have been a lethal attack. But the fight was not going all the predator’s way. The Protoceratops appears to have bitten the arm of its attacker with such force that it shattered the Velociraptor’s bones.

The two animals are preserved in 3D and not flat as if they collapsed to the ground after killing each other. The most likely scenario is that in the throws of their final battle the dinosaurs caused a sand dune to collapse on top of them. This held them in place over millions of years and preserved them in the midst of their struggle.^[8]

2 More Battling Dinosaurs

If you asked people to name famous dinosaurs then two names that would probably come out top are T. rex and Triceratops. To find one would be the highlight of most palaeontologists’ lives. To find both would be extraordinary. To find both locked together in combat is almost inconceivable, but that is what seems to have happened on a Montana Ranch.

While out looking for fossils on the ranch the pelvis of the Triceratops was found but was almost left there as it was in an inaccessible location. Only the fact that it seemed to be next to a leg bone, suggesting a more complete skeleton, drew the diggers back. When they excavated the Triceratops they spotted a clawed foot nearby. A foot belonging to a therapod carnivorous dinosaur.

Once removed from the site and cleaned up it was clear that both animals had been fighting each other. The Triceratops had the teeth of the predator still stuck in its teeth. The predator, which may be a juvenile T. rex, had its skull split open as if it had been kicked hard by its prey.^[9]

1 The Moment the Dinosaurs Died

The mass extinction which wiped the dinosaurs from the Earth has long been mysterious. It was only with the painstaking bringing together of evidence from across the globe that a consensus has been reached that the dinosaurs were killed when an asteroid struck the Earth. Much of this evidence is complex and technical but new research may have captured direct fossil evidence of the very day the world ended for the dinosaurs.

In North Dakota at the Hell Creek formation a whole ecosystem has been discovered with signs of how it was destroyed. When the asteroid struck the Earth it sent up huge plumes of molten rock and dust into the atmosphere. The particles thrown into the sky turned to tiny pieces of glass called tektites that rained back down. At the Hell Creek site these tektites have been found embedded in amber, and even in the holes they made as they struck mud.

Earthquakes and tsunamis crossed the planet. At this site masses of fish flung onto the land by massive waves have been discovered. The gills of the fish still contain the debris thrown up by the asteroid impact.

More work needs to be done at Hell Creek but it seems like the destruction of the dinosaurs is suddenly a lot clearer.^[10]

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