We are, once again, living through the era of the Space Race. The celestial conflict has hauled itself out of the ashes of the Cold War and into the 21st century. Our global leaders are preparing to lock horns in another ego-fueled feud for cosmic supremacy.

The current Space Race sprawls much further than the US-Soviet schism of the 1900s. These days, there are dozens of contenders desperate to plaster the skies with their national flag or corporate logo. From Beijing to Bavaria, Bangalore to Jeff Bezos’ boardroom, plans are being drawn up, spacecraft designs finalized.

But with an abundance of space agencies comes an abundance of scandals. Plenty of  writers have covered NASA’s murky history before, but for some reason, they chose to ignore the US’s aerospace rivals. Surprising. After all, these institutions are far from squeaky-clean. Behind the bulging front of the ISRO or the curved white exterior of the European Space Agency lurks all manner of devious wrongdoings. Here are some of the worst secrets plaguing space agencies today.

10 Dirty Little Secrets From NASA

10 Indian Aerospace Director Claims He Was Poisoned

Until recently, Tapan Misra had been a senior figure in Indian aerospace. During his time at the ISRO, India’s national space agency, he was involved in surveillance satellite technology. But in 2017, the scientist claims he was the victim of an assassination attempt after someone tried to poison him.

On May 23, Misra alleges he was fed snacks laced with poison at ISRO headquarters in Bangalore. The scientist suffered acute blood loss as a result of the poisoning. The next day, he was taken to hospital for treatment. He went on to experience a range of serious medical issues, including breathing difficulties, skin eruptions, and hypoxia.

Home affairs later discovered that Misra had been poisoned with arsenic trioxide. With this information, doctors were able to administer a remedy and save Misra’s life. Misra says his treatment lasted for two years. During that time, he was removed as director of the Space Applications Center (SAC).

Misra claims there have been other attempts made on his life. The former director says he survived an explosion in his lab when a fire broke out at the SAC. He also alleges that someone released venomous snakes into his home.^[1]

9 Israeli Security Chief Believes In “Galactic Federation” Of Aliens

A former Israeli security chief has spoken out about an alien conspiracy that he claims goes all the way to the US president. Haim Eshed, who previously headed the space doctorate of Israel’s Defense Ministry, alleges that a “galactic federation” is in contact with key officials on Earth.

He told the newspaper Yediot Aharonot that the aliens are hoping to understand more about humanity. The celestial voyagers are said to be scouring the cosmos for information about “the fabric of the universe.”

Eshed explained to a bemused journalist that US officials have teamed up with the extra-terrestrial explorers to build an “underground base in the depths of Mars.” He went on to claim that Donald Trump had been about to reveal the cosmic conspiracy during his presidency. But the former president was advised to keep quiet to prevent mass hysteria.

“The Unidentified Flying Objects have asked not to publish that they are here,” Eshed explained. “Humanity is not ready yet.”^[2]

8 Mysterious Death In Russia’s Star City Hospital

In 2020, Russia’s state healthcare became the subject of suspicious scrutiny after three doctors fell out of hospital windows in nine days. Two of them died; the other was hospitalized with a fractured skull.

The first, Natalya Lebedeva, had been chief of emergency medical services in Star City – Russia’s astronaut training grounds. When the covid-19 outbreak began, Lebedeva is thought to have treated Moscow’s first coronavirus patient. But the cosmonaut clinician soon fell ill with the virus herself. On April 20, the 48-year-old was taken to the Federal Scientific Clinical Center in Moscow. Only four days into her treatment, Lebedeva plummeted from the hospital’s sixth-floor window. She died instantly.

The hospital chalked up Lebedeva’s death to a terrible accident. But then, a few days later, two more doctors fell out of hospital windows. Yelena Nepomnyashchaya, a senior practitioner in Siberia, fell in the middle of a conference call. She was rushed to hospital but, after a week in intensive care, sadly died.

Ambulance doctor Alexander Shulepov was receiving treatment at Novousmanskaya hospital after contracting covid-19. Less than two weeks before his fall, he uploaded a video online claiming hospital officials were forcing him to work despite being ill with the virus. He was hospitalized with serious injuries, but thankfully he later recovered.^[3]

7 The Soviet Union’s Secret Cold War Space Cannon

At the height of the Cold War, the Kremlin was rife with paranoia. USSR officials feared that the US was about to launch an assault on their prized spacecraft. So, in the 1970s, they developed an artillery weapon that could be operated in space.

The Soviet space cannon was a highly secretive project. Designed by Aron Rikhter, the R-23M Kartech was capable of firing thousands of shots per minute. The 14.5-millimeter cannon blasted out 200-gram shells at a speed of690 meters per second. In its ground test, the weapon is said to have penetrated a metal canister from a mile away.

Scientists installed the R-23M Kartech as a self-defense weapon on the Almaz space station, one of the most classified Soviet projects of the Cold War. Almaz, named after the Russian word for diamond, was a military outpost on the edges of the Earth’s atmosphere fitted with sophisticated spy technology.

During the Cold War, the Kremlin denied having weaponized spy stations in orbit. But decades later, it came to light that not only had they built a space cannon, but they had also fired it in space. Soviet officials carried out a test firing on January 24, 1975, blasting around 20 shells into the atmosphere. They even fired up the craft’s jet thrusters to balance out the recoil.

The results of the test have never been released to the public. But, when it came to updating the Almaz design, the Soviets decided to replace the cannon with a pair of interceptor missiles.^[4]

6 Japanese Space Agency Embroiled In Bribery Scandal

In 2018, Japanese officials raided JAXA, Japan’s national space agency, over a political scandal. Kazuaki Kawabata was arrested for bribery. He was charged and later sentenced for accepting bribes from executive Koji Taniguchi.

Taniguchi wined and dined the politician on many occasions while he was on loan to JAXA. In total, he plied Kawabata with ¥1.4 million ($13,000) worth of food and drink. In return, Kawabata helped him out with various favors. This included convincing astronaut Satoshi Furukawa to take part in an event at Tokyo Medical University. Kawabata is currently serving a three-year suspended sentence for his deceit.^[5]

5 Jim Bridenstine, NASA’s Controversial Administrator

Jim Bridenstine is one of the most controversial people to helm the US space agency. The former politician caught a large amount of flak when he became NASA administrator. After a thorny selection process, he stepped up to the role in 2018.

As a climate change skeptic, Bridenstine drew scorn from the US left-wing. He was also criticized for his lack of scientific know-how. Until recently, NASA has almost always been led by someone with a background in science. Bridenstine was viewed as an interfering statesman. People worried that he would try to commercialize NASA. Nevertheless, after three successful years as head of NASA, he stepped down in 2021.^[6]

4 Satellites Under Attack From Hackers

Soaring through the atmosphere is a network of potential weapons. Many of the satellites orbiting the Earth today are exposed to cyberattacks. Companies like SpaceX and OneWeb have rushed to fill the skies with their brand of satellites. But amid that clamor, cyber experts say they have overlooked the security of their spacecraft.

If hackers managed to worm their way into these satellites, who knows what havoc they could wreak? On one hand, they could disable the spacecraft or jam their signals, which would be a nightmare for us back on Earth. But, more worryingly, they might be able to take control of the satellite’s thrusters and steer it into something.

NASA has been the victim of satellite hackers on several occasions. In 1998, hackers seized control of ROSAT, a joint project with the German Aerospace Center. They forced the satellite to point its solar panels directly at the sun. This caused its battery to fry and ROSAT burned out, crashing to Earth in 2011.^[7]

3 The Return Of Britain’s Secret Rocket Park

Westcott Venture Park, Britain’s shadowy Cold War research center, is whirring back to life. During the 20th century standoff, Westcott was home to the UK’s rocket research facility. There, scientists came up with all manner of pioneering discoveries. Most notably, they developed the engines for the Skylark rocket. Between 1957 and 2005, almost 450 Skylark rockets were launched into space. Spaceflight historian Doug Millard called the spacecraft “an unsung British hero.”

After the end of the Cold War, Westcott Venture Park has been out of service for decades. But now, after an £8 million ($11 million) investment by the UK Space Agency, there is life once more in the secretive research center. Engineers are said to be working on hybrid motors for supersonic cars, powering space probes, and creating rocket engines that suck liquid oxygen out of the air.^[8]

2 Indian Government Falsely Accuses Scientist Of Espionage

Rocket scientist Nambi Narayanan had his world turned upside when the Indian government accused him of being a spy. In 1994, South Asian authorities arrested the cryogenics expert. They accused him of colluding with Pakistan to steal technology. The press reported that he had been snared by two honey trappers in the Maldives. Narayanan was beaten by interrogators, locked up with a serial murderer, and detested by people across the country. The stress drove his wife to madness.

But, two years later, it came out that the case against Narayanan was made up. The local government had fabricated the whole thing. The scientist was given 18 million rupees ($250,000) in compensation. In 2018, the Supreme Court opened an investigation into his false arrest.^[9]

1 Global Leaders Launch Space Militarization Programs

Until recently, the idea of a militarized space force was something that only existed in the realm of science fiction. Laser blaster spacecraft and semi-automatic satellites seemed like ludicrous fantasies. But now, the cosmos is an arena for international conflict. Russia and China are both rumored to have space military capabilities. Now, the US and France have launched their space forces as well.

In 2019, Donald Trump established a new branch of the US armed forces: Space Force. The exact nature of Space Force is still unclear. But Trump claims it will protect America’s interests in the celestial battlefield. “Space is the world’s newest warfighting domain,” he said at an event in Maryland. “Amid grave threats to our national security, American superiority in space is absolutely vital.”^[10]

Months later, France’s Emmanuel Macron unveiled his own plans to set up a “high command for space.” On the eve of Bastille Day, the European leader announced that the French air force would be renamed the Air and Space Force. French Minister of Defense Florence Parly told reporters that, by 2030, he hopes to have weaponized satellites in orbit. The spacecraft, Parly said, will be equipped with either machine guns or high-power laser weapons.^[11]

But some experts fear that these heightened tensions could have disastrous consequences. Mark Gubrud is a physicist and professor in Peace, War and Defense at the University of North Carolina. He worries that the actions of global leaders are veering dangerously close to a space arms race. He warns that this course of events could end in “destabilization and nuclear war.”

“I call for renewed advocacy of space arms control,” Gubrud told reporters. “No war in space. No weapons in space. No weapons aimed at space.”

10 Everyday Things That Were Invented By NASA

Although incredibly different in many ways, the ancient world wrestled with the same problems that governments do today. As long as there have been people, there had been cops and robbers, and from the Inca to India, each society was policed as they saw fit. Here are ten law enforcement agencies that patrolled the ancient world.

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10 The Paqudu of Babylon

The Mesopotamian kingdom of Babylon is best known for its Code of Hammurabi, the first list of crimes and punishments ever created. The set of laws was carved onto stone pillars sometime in the tenth century BC.

As Babylon grew rich in the 6th century BC, so did their ability to maintain law and order. Their police officers, called padudu, were locals appointed with the task of protecting the town. The job was far from glamorous. Temple records describe the paqudu responding to a noisy tavern party, investigating a missed barely payment, and arresting looters for the destruction of temple property. When a sacred cow disappeared from its stable, the paqudu searched the neighborhood for suspiciously large amounts of fresh beef. Upon finding the tasty contraband, they turned it over to the court as evidence.^[1]

9 The Medjay and Temple Priests of Egypt

The ancient Egyptians were all about living in harmony, which they called Ma’at. But law enforcement was sometimes needed to maintain that harmony.

Egypt’s earliest police officers guarded public spaces with wooden sticks and trained attack dogs (and occasionally monkeys!) As Egypt expanded during the Middle Kingdom, Medjay warriors from the neighboring kingdom of Nubia offered their services as keepers of the peace. They became the bulk of the Egyptian police force, to the point where ancient Egyptian Chiefs of Police were referred to as “Chief of the Medjay,” even when native Egyptians had long since taken over the job.

During the New Kingdom, there was a special unit of police that served as temple priests. Their job was to preserve the sanctity of the temples by ensuring proper behavior during religious festivities. But if a crime involved a temple, they got to conduct their own criminal investigations.^[2]

8 The Krypteia of Sparta

Derived from the Greek word for “hidden,” the krypteia was Sparta’s secret police force. Instead of the typical Greek heavy armor and weapons, they carried easily concealed knives for clandestine kills. Hardened by training in the mountainous countryside with few rations and equipment, they were experienced warriors and excellent assassins.

The krypteia’s main enemy was the helots; Sparta’s agricultural serfs who had no choice but to work the land. The helots periodically revolted against their enslavement, so the krypteia were tasked with terrorizing them into submission. They would hide in the countryside, sleeping by day and killing stray helots by night. They were particularly interested in dispatching large men who might become threatening warriors.

At one point, the Spartans offered freedom to veteran helots. As the Greek chronicler Thucydides wrote, “As many as two thousand were selected accordingly…rejoicing in their new freedom. The Spartans, however, soon afterwards did away with them, and no one ever knew how each of them perished.” There is little doubt who carried out these assassinations.^[3]

7 The Scythian Archers of Athens

Athens was the world’s first democracy, so Athenian citizens couldn’t go around arresting each other without cries of hypocrisy. This led to the government purchasing 300 Scythian archers as public slaves. It was simply the democratic thing to do.

The only contemporary accounts of the Scythian police force come from the comedic plays by Aristophanes, where they are portrayed as bumbling idiots. In Lysistrata, the Scythians attempt to arrest the eponymous heroine only to be soundly defeated by a mob of angry women. In another, a man under arrest makes several attempts to distract his Scythian guard and escape, finally succeeding with the help of a sexy dancer.^[4]

It is unlikely that the Scythian archers, despite their name, arrested citizens at arrow point. Rather, skill with a bow was a well-known Scythian stereotype and the name stuck.^[5] Some Scythians formed close relationships with Athenians and received Greek burial steles. The discovery of 80 arrowheads at a grave in Cerameicus suggests it may be for a police chief, perhaps killed in action.

6 The Mauryan Gops

India’s first empire was the Mauryan Empire, which ruled the subcontinent from 321 to 185 BC. Their military and civil service were the envy of the ancient world.^[6] Each town had a nagarik, a police chief, with officers (Gops) at his command. Though appointed by the emperor, they were watched closely by local leaders known as Gramini. Police stations served as a local jail, a lost-and-found, and a census bureau.

In addition to keeping the citizens safe, the Gops were omnipresent spies for the state. Anyone entering the city had to be meticulously recorded and their whereabouts watched. Regular patrols of neighborhoods ensured everyone’s activities were known by the police, and any suspicious people were arrested, even if they were innocent, so they didn’t have an opportunity to commit a crime.^[7]

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5 Judaean Shoterim

The Jewish occupants of ancient Judaea had a rigorous court system that held public safety in high regard. Every town had a judge, and the court employed two shoterim to carry out the court’s orders. Their duties included checking weights and measures for tampering, setting market prices, inspecting property boundaries, and dispensing charity. Their salaries were paid through local taxes.

Ancient Judea had a large number of public safety regulations that were strictly enforced. Dogs needed to be chained up, pits needed to be covered, and the sale of weapons was regulated. If a property owner had an unsafe structure or tree, they were issued a thirty-day warning to remove it. If anyone witnessed their neighbor in mortal danger, they had a legal obligation to help.^[8]

4 The Cadi of the Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire was the largest ever in West Africa, so it needed a top-notch police force. Among its many, many government officials were the Cadi. These civil servants were appointed by the king to deal with local disputes. They decided which grievances got a tribunal, then presided over the tribunal and determined the punishment. If the crime was of interest to the public, a town crier would shout the latest news in the town center.

As servants of the king, the Cadi were always on the lookout for treason. Political offenses received the harshest punishments, with one low-level minister ending up sewn inside of a bull’s hide and burned alive.^[9]

3 Incan tokrikoq

The Incans of the modern-day South American coast ran a well-organized empire and were similarly meticulous with their legal system. Tradition dictated that an Incan subject accused of a crime could only be judged by someone of a higher rank, so the local tokrikoq (which literally translates to “he who sees all”) was the highest-ranking government official in the area. In addition to overseeing justice, the tokrikoq oversaw the census, land distribution, and the maintenance of public roads and bridges.^[10]

If the tokrikoq delivered a guilty verdict, imprisonment was not an option for the criminal. Incan punishment was meant to deter potential offenders, so all proceedings had to be as public as possible. Murder, rebellion, adultery, drunkenness, and laziness could all be punished by death via stoning, hanging, or getting thrown off a cliff. Minor crimes were given a public scolding.^[11]

2 Ancient Roman Vigiles

The Roman Empire tried many different kinds of law and order throughout their long rule of the Mediterranean. The Praetorian Guard and the Cohorts Urbanes guarded the emperor and the cities, but petty crimes and firefighting were left to the Vigiles.

In 21 BC, Roman senator Marcus Egnatious Rufus received overwhelming praise for ordering his slaves to respond to fires anywhere in the city, not just the homes of the rich. Emperor Augustus promptly decided no one could be liked more than him and created Rome’s first public firefighting force.

Since the Vigiles were already patrolling the city at night in search of fires, they became police officers as well. Their job included capturing robbers and runaway slaves and guarding the public baths. In addition to firefighting gear, they wore light armor and carried whips or staffs as weapons.^[12] (

1 Igbo Okonko

The Igbo, or Ibo, are an ethnic group that still lives in modern-day southern Nigeria. Though united by language and common beliefs, the ancient Igbo conducted justice on a village level. Criminal punishment was the responsibility of the family head except in the most heinous crimes; in those cases, the only way to shield the community from divine wrath was to dedicate the criminal to a life of religious service.^[13]

In some parts of Igboland, a secret society called Okonko brought the village’s wealthy and powerful men together. Boys were initiated in early childhood, but only adults were allowed to learn their secrets. Since the penalty for members lying or acting shamefully was death, abused women felt safe seeking their help. At meetings, every aspect of village rule was discussed, including crime prevention and justice. Some meetings included holding court was held for accused criminals. Land disputes were settled by placing the society’s symbol, a sacred palm frond, over the disputed land until a verdict was reached.^[14]

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