During the Golden Age of Piracy (roughly 1650–1730), men under black flags were raiding and plundering ships across the Caribbean. We tend to picture them as ruthless marauders who terrorized European merchants, but the reality was far more nuanced. In fact, 10 ways pirates quietly reshaped the daily existence of African slaves, offering chances at liberty, equality, and even a voice on the high seas.

How 10 Ways Pirates Changed the Game for Enslaved Africans

1 Slavery Boomed When The Golden Age Of Piracy Ended

Pirates actually made a difference. The slave‑trade economy was crippled by pirate raids. Bringing slave ships to the New World became incredibly dangerous and costly, and pirate raids made life Hell for the slavers. According to Marcus Rediker, slavery in the New World didn’t have a chance until the pirates were gone.

The Golden Age of Piracy ended, according to some, when the pirate Black Bart died. Within ten years, slavery was booming, and England had more slaves than any other country in the Western world. Pirate raids on slavers and their ships were the one thing that held the slave trade back. Once they were out of the way, slavery came into full swing.

Pirates didn’t set out to make the world a better place—but in a strange way, they actually did.

2 Captured Pirates Were Sold Back Into Slavery

When an escaped African slave made it into a pirate crew, he had every reason to stay. Pirates gave them freedom and equality, and if they were separated from their brothers at sea, they’d find themselves back in chains.

One pirate on Samuel Bellamy’s crew was a black Miskito native named John Julian. On Bellamy’s ship, he was the pilot and one of the most important and respected people in the crew. When the ship crashed, though, all that changed. As soon as Julian was captured, he was sold into slavery, soon finding his way into the servitude of John Quincy, the grandfather of President John Quincy Adams.

Julian managed to escape and even killed a bounty hunter who was trying to catch him. In the end, though, he didn’t get away. The pilot was caught and executed because he refused to become a slave.

3 Sea Shanties Started Out As Slave Songs

All the sea shanties that we link to pirates should actually be linked with something else: black slaves. According to one theory, sea shanties never would have existed without the influence of African music.

Some scholars claim that parts of sea shanties seem to be borrowed from African songs. It’s more than just similar sounds; some of the earlier sea shanties actually use the pidgin language of early African slaves, suggesting that they might have been written by Africans or adapted from their music.

The multiracial crews on board of these ships, they believe, would have come up with sea shanties through collaboration. The Africans on board sang while they worked, and the white crew members heard them and started to adapt their songs into songs of their own.

4 Black Pirates Could Curse Out White People

The inherent racism that pervaded European culture in the 17th century doesn’t seem to have existed on pirate ships. Black crew members didn’t have to be polite or well‑mannered around their white crewmen. They could be as rude as they wanted.

One white sailor reported that after his ship was taken by the pirate Stede Bonnet, his crew was coerced into joining them. When he refused, a black pirate started cursing him out. He told the white sailor that he should be forced into slavery. The black man ended his tirade yelling, “You should be used as a negro!”

Stede Bonnet took the black pirate’s side. He heard the commotion, came over, and joined the black pirate in cursing the white man out. Then he did exactly what was suggested: He made the white man the black man’s slave.

5 Blackbeard’s Lieutenant Was An African Chieftain

Some black pirates rose up to high ranks and led crews of white men. One of them is legendary today: Black Caesar, the infamous pirate who ended up in Blackbeard’s crew.

Black Caesar was a chieftain in Africa until he was tricked and lured onto a slave ship. By chance, the slave ship was struck by a hurricane, and Black Caesar and a white crewman were the only ones to escape alive. Stranded at sea, the two men decided to lure in passing ships, rob them, and take them over. Soon, Black Caesar was leading his own pirate crew.

In time, he joined Blackbeard, but he kept a high rank. He was a lieutenant, one of the most important people on the ship. He was put in command of several white pirates, and Blackbeard trusted him with his life.

6 Pirates Gave Voting Right To Africans Centuries Before Civil Rights

Pirate captains weren’t dictators. The only time they had absolute command over their crew was during a raid. The rest of the time, the ship was run democratically, with every person on the ship free to have a voice in how it was run.

Captains were elected, and every member of the crew was given a vote. They would also draw up articles with strict rules on how to live together and how to punish offenders. This means that in the 17th century, there were free and equal African‑Americans voting for their leaders—but only on pirate ships.

7 Almost Every Pirate Ship Had Black Crewmen

The records we have of pirate crews show that almost every ship had at least a few black pirates in the crew. In most cases, black pirates made up more than just a couple of scattered crew members. They were a big presence on pirate ships. In fact, an estimated 25 to 30 percent of pirates were black.

In some ships, the rate was much higher. Many ships had a majority black crew, including some of the most famous and notorious pirates of all. Blackbeard, for example, had 60 black crew members on a ship of 100 men. Some crews were almost entirely black. One record describes a pirate ship with 50 men, only one of whom had white skin.

8 Pirates Freed Slaves

When a pirate crew captured a slave ship, they got a whole new crew. Often, they’d go into the lower decks, set the slaves free, and encourage them to join. This didn’t always happen. Some would just make the Africans slaves of their own, and some would do even worse. Black Bart, for example, once burned 80 slaves alive inside of a ship.

His cruelty, though, was an exception to the norm. Most pirates tried to avoid killing anyone if they could and didn’t bother trying to sell human cargo. Pirates were criminals, and it was difficult and dangerous for a criminal to sell to a slave trader, so they often just let the African slaves join their crew.

Escaped slaves would become pirates, too. In the early days of slavery, many slaves escaped. Some joined the maroons, which were communities of escaped slaves who survived by hiding in the mountains. Others, though, would meet up with pirate crews instead and join life on the sea.

9 Pirates Targeted Slave Ships

Pirates didn’t just attack any ship they saw. When they raided a ship, it was to make a profit, so they picked ones that were worth their while. No type of ship, though, was a bigger target for pirates than slave ships.

The pirates weren’t particularly concerned about African rights; they just wanted the ships. Slave ships were extremely useful for a pirate crew. They were usually fast as well as large, which gave them a lot of space to keep and feed their crew.

The most famous pirate ships in history were captured slave ships. Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge and Samuel Bellamy’s Whydah were both stolen from slavers and turned into feared pirate vessels.

10 The First Buccaneers Were Escaped Slaves

When we think of pirates in the Caribbean, white faces usually come to mind. We picture people like Blackbeard or Samuel Bellamy—Europeans buccaneers who raided other white men. The first buccaneers in recorded history, though, had dark skin. The record in question is the journal of a French sailor who, on the coast of Hispaniola, met two men he describes as “a mulatto and a negro.”

The men told him that they sustained themselves by poaching livestock. This wasn’t a confession of shameful sins; the men were making a sales pitch. Sailors’ lives were hard, and they were trying to recruit him and his sailors to join them in their pirating lives.

It worked. By the time the Frenchman returned to his ship, six of his crew had disappeared. His white crew had abandoned him, leaving the ship to serve under two black pirates.

When most people think about racial persecution and genocide during the Nazi era, the Holocaust instantly dominates the conversation. Yet the Nazis’ twisted vision of racial purity also targeted Africans living in Germany, and their suffering is rarely spotlighted. Below are 10 facts about the African experience in Nazi Germany, each shedding light on a hidden chapter of history.

10 Facts About the African Experience in Nazi Germany

10 The Death Camps

Long before Adolf Hitler seized power, the German Imperial army embarked on a ruthless campaign against African peoples in its overseas colonies. In the early 1900s, when Germany ruled present‑day Namibia, it established a system of extermination that pre‑figured later Nazi atrocities.

In 1904, General Lothar von Trotha issued a chilling directive demanding the total eradication of the Herero tribe to clear land for German settlers. He explicitly ordered that women and children receive no mercy. Within three years, roughly 80 percent of the Herero and half of the Nama were wiped out.

German forces set up five concentration camps on Namibia’s infamous Shark Island, a stretch of coastline later nicknamed the “Skeleton Coast” because of the countless mass graves. One missionary recounted a harrowing scene: an emaciated African woman asked a fellow inmate for water, only to be shot five times by a soldier outraged by her audacity.

The perpetrators even staged photographs of themselves surrounded by starving African prisoners, turning the grotesque scenes into postcards sent home. Some of these cards featured explicit, pornographic depictions of German soldiers assaulting African women.

Dr. Bofinger, a German physician stationed in Namibia, conducted macabre experiments on the corpses of these victims. He decapitated prisoners, preserved their heads, and shipped them back to scientific labs in Germany. These crimes occurred before the Nazis rose to power, yet they set a grim precedent for later racial science.

9 Propaganda

Propaganda was the Nazi regime’s most potent weapon for shaping public opinion about Africans. Most ordinary Germans knew little about the realities of German colonies, and the state flooded them with messages of a harmonious German‑African friendship.

One widely circulated poster depicted a German woman arm‑in‑arm with an African woman, proclaiming that Germany no longer harbored any “racial pride.” The government hoped to lure citizens to settle in imagined all‑German African colonies, but such fantasies required persuasive visual propaganda.

After the First World War, Germany lost its African territories to the victorious Allies. Simultaneously, thousands of Germans emigrated to the United States, fleeing dire unemployment and poverty at home.

When the Third Reich rose in the 1930s, German filmmakers produced movies glorifying the nation’s former colonial exploits in Southwest Africa. The long‑term Nazi goal was to reclaim those colonies and spread the Aryan race worldwide, and cinema served as a rallying cry for that ambition.

8 The Rhineland Bastards

Following the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Allied forces—including troops from French African colonies—occupied Germany’s western Rhineland. Black soldiers stationed there fathered children with German women, creating the first sizable multiracial cohort in German history.

These children earned the derogatory nickname “Rhineland bastards.” The German press and right‑wing agitators seized upon their existence, unleashing a wave of sensationalist propaganda that painted African soldiers as predatory and German women as victims.

One infamous illustration, titled “Jumbo,” portrayed a colossal, naked black soldier clutching a horde of distressed German women. A minted coin even displayed a white woman shackled to a massive phallus opposite the image of a black soldier, underscoring the vilification.

Although most of the German mothers reported consensual relationships—only a single woman claimed rape—the campaign framed the encounters as violent assaults, demonizing the black men and demeaning the women.

Hitler’s *Mein Kampf* echoed this rhetoric, blaming Jewish influence for bringing black soldiers into Germany and alleging a plot to contaminate the Aryan bloodline.

7 Rassenschande

The Nazi regime aggressively promoted the doctrine of Rassenschande, literally “racial defilement.” Enacted through the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, the policy forbade Aryans from marrying or engaging in sexual relations with anyone deemed non‑Aryan.

While the public most readily associates these laws with the persecution of Jews, they equally targeted Afro‑German individuals. Citizens seeking the coveted Aryan certificate underwent invasive medical examinations to prove their “pure‑blooded” status.

Contemporary publications warned that the presence of African soldiers in Germany represented an external assault on German racial purity. Nazis portrayed themselves as victims forced to defend the nation against an imposed multiculturalism.

Ironically, despite Germany’s earlier diplomatic outreach to African nations and its lingering colonial aspirations, the regime insisted that Black people belonged exclusively in Africa, never within the German Reich.

6 Murder And Sterilization

Anthropologist Dr. Wolfgang Abel conducted pseudo‑scientific studies on Afro‑German and Asian‑German children, labeling them “aggressive,” “psychotic,” and genetically inferior to their Aryan counterparts. He also suggested that the mothers of such children were somehow corrupted, likening them to alien vessels.

In 1937, the Gestapo received orders to locate and apprehend any Black individuals within Germany. Those captured faced execution, forced sterilization, or were subjected to inhumane medical experiments. Even Black foreigners caught in Germany were imprisoned or killed rather than being repatriated.

Under Nazi racial policy, anyone deemed to possess “undesirable DNA” underwent compulsory sterilization, preventing them from reproducing. The Rhineland bastards were specifically targeted, with over 400 recorded sterilization procedures.

5 The Extraordinary Life Of Hans Massaquoi

Hans Massaquoi stands out as one of the few Black children who survived Nazi Germany. Born to Liberian king Momolu Massaquoi—serving as Liberia’s consul general in Germany—and a German nurse, Bertha Baetz, Hans was technically a prince of the Vai tribe.

His father, Al‑Haj, a university student in Dublin, never returned to Germany. The king initially raised Hans within the consular mansion before returning to Liberia, leaving Bertha to raise her son alone in Hamburg.

As a youngster, Hans endured relentless bullying because of his skin color, yet his intelligence and friendly demeanor helped him forge local friendships. He yearned to join the Hitler Youth, captivated by the allure of the “cool uniforms” his peers wore.

Desperate to fit in, Hans even persuaded his babysitter to stitch a swastika patch onto his sweater for school. Although his mother tried to intervene, Hans continued to emulate Nazi‑aligned behavior, not fully grasping the regime’s true nature.

War‑time scarcity left Hans unable to secure employment, and despite his desire to serve, the German army denied his enlistment because of his race.

In 1948, his father finally brought him back to Liberia, where he was welcomed as the prince he truly was. Later, Hans built a successful journalism career with publications such as *Jet* and *Ebony*.

Crucially, Hans escaped the sterilization campaigns that targeted many Rhineland children, likely because German officials believed he could be useful if the Nazis ever reclaimed African colonies. He eventually emigrated to the United States, married, and raised a family.

His memoir, *Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany*, was adapted into a German film now freely available on YouTube.

4 Human Zoos

Theodor Wonja Michael’s parents hailed from Cameroon, a former German colony. They migrated to Germany believing the “motherland” promised better prospects, only to discover that employment opportunities for Africans were virtually nonexistent.

Stranded without sufficient funds to return home, the family was forced into a grotesque form of entertainment: acting in “people’s shows,” a type of human zoo where Black performers donned grass skirts and mimicked stereotypical African village life before German audiences.

These exhibitions frequently traveled with circuses and were sometimes staged inside actual German zoos, positioned beside animal enclosures. Promoters claimed the performers were freshly captured “savages” placed in habitats mirroring their supposed native environments.

German spectators laughed and mocked the displays, unaware that many of the performers were fluent German speakers.

By the 1930s, roughly 400 such human zoos operated across Germany. After the Nazi era ended, the practice faded—until a 2005 controversy when the Augsburg Zoo installed an exhibit featuring African mud‑huts, grass skirts, and tribal dances next to a baboon habitat.

The exhibit sparked outrage, as it echoed the historic dehumanization of Black people as beasts. Protesters sent threatening letters, picketed the zoo, and eventually forced the removal of the display. The Augsburg Zoo maintains that it never intended to revive “human zoos,” denying any racist motive.

3 The African Campaigns

World War II histories often spotlight the Blitz, the Holocaust, and European battlefields, while the brutal fighting that unfolded across North Africa receives far less attention. The desert wars pitted Axis forces against Allied troops from various colonial powers, leading to massive civilian casualties.

Much like contemporary conflicts, the North African theater centered on control of oil and strategic supply routes. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, roughly one million European soldiers were killed or wounded during these campaigns, with Germany briefly occupying Tunisia in 1942 and allegedly targeting civilian populations.

The National WWII Museum maintains comprehensive charts of global civilian losses, yet the figures for North African countries are conspicuously absent, suggesting a historical blind spot.

While some argue that the sparsely populated desert terrain limited civilian impact, personal testimonies and biographies attest to significant non‑combatant suffering throughout the region.

2 Prisoners Of War

International law traditionally mandates that prisoners of war be treated humanely and exchanged for one’s own captured soldiers. In practice, both Axis and Allied powers committed grave violations.

The Nazis showed no hesitation in killing African soldiers serving under French colonial forces, viewing their deaths as retribution for the so‑called “crimes” against German women in the Rhineland.

African POWs were barred from setting foot on German soil to avoid “contaminating” the Aryan race. Instead, they were detained in Frontstalag camps located in France, drawing prisoners from Algeria, Tunisia, Southeast Asia, the West Indies, Madagascar, Morocco, and beyond.

These camps housed detainees in flimsy, hand‑sewn tents offering little protection from the elements. In 1941, over 100,000 prisoners were recorded; by 1942, that number had fallen to 44,000 due to harsh labor, disease, and mortality.

In 1943, Germany ordered the French government to assume guard duties. French volunteers provided “godmother” services—cooking, reading, knitting, and religious instruction—while some forged romantic relationships with the prisoners, resulting in mixed‑race offspring.

Even after the war, these men remained barred from returning home or marrying the women who bore their children. They continued to be classified as French military personnel and were corralled into barracks.

1 After The War

When Allied forces occupied Germany after 1945, a wave of children born to African‑American soldiers and German mothers—known as Mischlingskinder or “brown babies”—entered the public consciousness. German media portrayed these children as symbols of a newly inclusive society, claiming that within a generation the nation would fully embrace racial diversity.

In reality, widespread racist attitudes persisted. The majority of these mixed‑race infants were abandoned to orphanages. An *Ebony* magazine cover displayed a black child with blue eyes, accompanied by the caption “Homes Needed For 10,000 Brown Orphans.”

During the 1950s, thousands of African‑American families in the United States adopted many of these children, yet countless others endured neglect, abuse, and institutional mistreatment. Documentary filmmaker Regina Griffin captured these harrowing stories in *Brown Babies: The Mischlingskinder Story*, including a chilling account of a caregiver attempting to drown a boy.

Today, the Afro‑German population remains small. In 2017, the United Nations issued a warning advising Black tourists to avoid certain German neighborhoods due to safety concerns. Ongoing investigations allege systemic discrimination, such as teachers deliberately grading Afro‑German students poorly and employers exhibiting bias in hiring.

Shannon Quinn, a writer and entrepreneur, continues to shed light on these overlooked histories. Follow her insights on Twitter.